Issue in Corporate Failure of Bank Essay Example for Free

Issue in Corporate Failure of Bank stressIt also raised millions of revenue by accounting techniques to show false profits and hided their losses which occur in trading and bad debt. The biggest bank machination in history According to Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau, the BCCI scandal that came to light in 1991 was the largest bank fraud in world history. Perhaps no new(prenominal) criminal enterprise has involved or at least embarrassed so many prominent people, from billionaire Arab sheikhs to Third World dictators to present and former leaders figures in the U. S. and British goernments.Certainly none could match the international web of financial chicanery, political intrigue, and unsavoury figures with which BCCI was said to be associated. (Source Encyclopaedia Encarta 2007) BCCI was engaged in four major frauds. One was a cover-up of $633m of losses on treasury trading. The second was the illegal acquisition through nominees of several banks in the US , in which it spend $346m. The third was a complex use of accounts to prop up its largest borrower, the gulf shipping group of Pakistan, to which it lent more than $725m, which was over the limit prepare by banking regulations.The fourth was fundamental fraud by which BCCI allegedly acquire secret control of 56% of its own shares at a cost of over $500m. BCCI was a serpent eating its own tail. These sums add up to more than $2bn. But this is a minimum it omits the enormous cost to BCCI of financing its secret losses. The manipulation to cover up the fraud involved another $2bn, bringing the grand total to well over $4bn. BCCI frauds were the main reasons for its corporate failure. The scale the fraud is dyspneic enough. But while most frauds involve the disappearance of real money, BCCI did the exact opposite.It manufactured billions of dollars out of nothing to conceal gaping holes in its balance sheet, give care a giant game of Double Your Money. This involved extraordinary fin ancial gymnastics and illegal loans on a wide scale. When BCCI finally came crashing down, it was not with a thud, but in a shower of paper. (Behind Closed Door FT Publication) BCCI initiated every single route to excel its growth. In a starting signal place its corporate structure was so complicated which involved uses of shell corporations frequently termed as satellites, bank confidentiality and secrecy.BCCIs top management including nominees which also includes near famous personalities in politics were involved in corruption and made it a supreme atmosphere for crime. BCCIs criminalities included, Fraud by BCCI and BCCI customers involving billions of dollars money launder in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas BCCIs bribery of officials in most of those locations, Support of terrorism, arms trafficking, and the sale of nuclear technologies Management of prostitution The commission and facilitation of income tax evasion, smuggling, and illegal immigration extracurricula r purchases of banks and real estate. Source Walker, L. 2001) Abdul Basir, head of BCCI Pakistan operation, says We looked after clients in the most efficient, personalised manner. The diamond market which is home to Lahores famous dancing girls, Prostitutes, who for centuries have provided merriment for emperors and their courtiers and latterly for politicians, Arab Sheikhs and bankers. BCCI used these girls to treat Arabs rich businessmen and major shareholders. BCCIs Zafar Iqbal, former chief executive, was in charge of managing prostitutes. Corporate Failure of BCCIThere were 2 main reasons of BCCIs corporate failure apart from their criminal activities. These were high risk loans and trading. A banks treasury plays a key exercise in managing its financial affairs by trading large amounts of money and currencies. Some if this dealing is done on behalf of clients. But bank treasuries also opine on whether currencies will rise or fall, using their own money. BCCI was no exce ption. According to Price Waterhouse, the bank combined these two activities by trading huge amounts of clients money but in its own name, and without their knowledge.

Books And Reading Essay Example for Free

Books And cultivation EssayTopical Vocabulary 1. Categorisation Childrens and adults halts travel accommodates and biography romantic and historical sassys thrillers investigator stories science fiction/fantasy non-fiction pulp fiction. absorbing adult amusing controversial labored depressing delightful dirty disturbing dull intrigue gripping moralistic obscene outrageous profound whimsical unputdownable. 2.Books and their parts paperbacked and hardback binding cover jacket title epigraph preface the contents list fly leaf deemplate blurb a beautifully printed track record a tome bound in leather a book with dense print/ with loose pages. 3. Reading habits to form a rakeing habit early in life to allege silently/incessantly/avidly/voratiously to firevas curled up in chair to read a child/ 1self to sleep to be lost/absorbed in a book to guttle books to dip into/glance over/pore over/thumb through a book to browse through news programpapers and periodicals to scan / skim a mag an avid/alert/keen reader.4. Library facilities recitation rooms and reference sections the subject/ reference/title/on-line catalogue the enquiry desk computer help reference service to borrow/renew/loan books CDs and video tapes r ar books to keep books that are overdue books vulnerable to theft to suspend ones membership to be banned from the library. I. Use the thematic vocabulary in answering the following questions 1. Which books are you reading now? 2. Where is your preferred place to read? 3. Who is your favourite novelist? 4. Who is your favourite character? 5.Which contemporary author do you most admire? 6. Which is the first book you can recommend reading? 7. Which school textual matter did you most enjoy? 8. What is your favourite childrens book? 9. Which book would you same to see filmed? 10. What is the most difficult book you have ever read? II. Work in groups. Find out most the last book for each one of your partners has read and make notes on th ese points Author and title Type of book and whats it well-nigh Reason for liking it Reason for recommending it to otherwises III. Work in pairs. Choose the crush alternative to complete these sentences1. Oliver Twist is a classic operate of English . Literature non-fiction letters translations 2. The plat of the story was very exciting, further I didnt find the . Persons people characters figurers 3. This book is a special edition for foreign readers, so thithers a(n) . Appendix glossary introduction preface table of contents 4. A novel is usually divided into some(prenominal) . Chapters units sections passages 5. If you need to find some breeding in a non-fiction book, look in the .Atlas blurb catalogue diary index review 6. Cambridge University express is the of the book youre reading. Author editor printer publisher 7. A great novel has a well(p) plot and a strong . conversation meaning message significance 8. The book was marvelously and it was a joy to read. Stylistic tedious well-written wonderful 9. Ernest Heming modality is one of my American writers. Best favourite exalted most popular 10. The thriller was so exciting that I couldnt .Let it down look it up pick it up put it down 11. redden the characters in the book are really interesting. Less minor small tiny 12. Id like to that book when youve read it.Borrow betroth change loan IV. In these sentences three alternatives are correct and two are wrong. Choose the best three alternatives for each 1. The character in the book is called Oliver. Central main principal principle top 2. I enjoy her books because her style is so very . Dull entertaining readable tedious true-to-life(prenominal) 3. I found that the characters in the story were very . Amusing believable informative likeable thrilling 4. There were so many twists in the plot that I didnt really think it was . Accurate authentic convincing realistic true-to-life 5.She doesnt read any fiction because she prefers rea ding . Biographies in brief stories textbooks non-fiction science fiction 6. I cant books like those they just send me to sleep. Bear carry enjoy stand suffer V. Fill in the gaps in these sentences with suitable words 1. You can borrow books from a or buy them from a . 2. A writer can also be called an . 3. I cant afford to buy the book in hardback, so Ill wait till it comes out in . 4. I cant remember the of the book, but I know it had a yellow . 5.A book that tells somebodys life story is called a . VI. Match each word in the column with the explanation Ballad, biography, novel, drama, poem, fairy tale, poetry, story, rhyme, novelette a) a story in prose, long enough to fill in one or more(prenominal) volumes, about either imaginary or historical people b) piece of creative writing in verse form, especially one expressing cryptical feeling or noble thought in beautiful language, composed with the desire to glide by an experience c) simple song or poem, especially one that tells an old story d) the art of a poet, poemse) tale about fairies of imaginary origin f) branch of literature dealing with the lives of persons g) play for the theatre, radio or TV h) verse for small children characterized by sameness of sound of the ending or two more words at the ends of lines of verse i) short novel (story in prose) j) account of past or imaginary events. VII. Read the following extract and make with your groupmates the list of the books you would like to read while travelling The Book- Bag somewhat people read for instruction, ad some for pleasure, but not a few read from habit.I belong to that company. Let us admit that reading is just a drug that we cannot draw off along without. Books are necessary to me and I never traveled far without enough reading matter. But when I am starting on a long journey the problem is really great. I have learnt my lesson. Once I fell ill in a small town in Java and had to stay in bed for three months. I came to the end of all the books I had brought with me and knowing no Dutch had to buy the schoolbooks from which intelligent Javanese, I suppose, got knowledge of French and German.So I read again after twenty-five years the plays of Goethe, the fables of La Fontaine and the tragedies of Racine. I have the greatest admiration for Racine, but I admit that to read his plays one after the other requires a certain effort in a person who is ill. Since then I have made a point of travelling with a large sack full of books for every possible originator and every mood. There are books of all kinds.Volumes of verse, novels, philosophical works, critical studies (they say books about books are useless, but they certainly make very pleasant reading), biographies, record there are books to read when you are ill and books to read when your brain inadequacy something to work at there are books that you have always wanted to read but in the hurry of life at planetary house have never found time to there ar e books to read at sea there are books for bad weather there are books chosen solely for their length, which you take along when you have o travel light, and there are the books you can read when you can read nothing else.(from W. nighrset Maugham) VIII. See how many authors and titles you can match For Whom the Bell Tolls Charlotte Bronte A Perfect outlander Charles Dickens Airport Walter Scott Sister Carrie Dan Brown Tom Sawyer Daphne du Maurier Pride and Prejudice Arthur Hailey Martin Eden Danielle Steel Of Human Bondage Ernest Hemingway Alice in Wonderland Mark match Ivanhoe Lewis Carroll Rebecca Jack London David Copperfield Theodore Dreiser Jane Eyre Somerset Maugham The Da Vinci Code Iris Murdock Black Prince Jane Austen IX. Read the text and agree or disagree with the statements belowAn English author once wrote Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed or digested. This quotation tells us how to read books of different kinds. Most travel books are to be tasted its enough to dip into them and read bits here and there. If you are fond of crime stories (A. Christie, G. Simenon and the rest of modern favourites) you will read them quickly, youll swallow them. And then there are books that youll read slowly and carefully. If a books on an important subject, and a subject youre interested in, youll want to chew and digest it.And youll want to weigh what the author says and consider his ideas and arguments. 1) Reading English fiction with a dictionary is very dull. 2) If the book is very exciting, you swallow it. 3) Nobody reads reference books for relaxation. 4) Reading thick science fiction books is tiring. 5) Very intelligent people dont read detective stories. 6) Non-fiction books cant be inspirational. 7) Travel books utilize you a lot of useful information. 8) Unfortunately many young people are not in the habit of reading poetry. 9) Great book-lovers never lend their books.10) Lots of people buy books for their bright and beautiful jack ets. 11) Bookcases and bookshelves are the best kind of decoration for a living-room. 12) Its of no use collecting book issues of magazines and newspapers. X. Read the following passage and say if you agree with the author Some people think that as more and more people have their TV-sets in their homes, fewer and fewer people will buy books and newspapers. Why read an article in the newspaper, when the TV news can bring you the information in a few minutes and with pictures?Why read a novel, when a play o television can tell you the same story with colourize picture and action? Why read the biographies of famous men and women, when an hour-long television programme can tell you all that you want to know? Television has not killed reading, however. Today, newspapers and magazines sell in very large numbers. And books of every kind are sold more than ever before. Books are still a cheap way to get information and entertainment. Although some books with hard covers are expensive, many books are published today as paperback books, which are reasonably cheap.A paperback novel, for example, is almost always cheaper than an evening at the cinema or theatre, and you can keep a book forever and read it many times. Books in the home are a wonderful source of knowledge and pleasure and some types of books should be in every home. Every home should have a better dictionary. Every home should have an atlas of the world, with large clear maps. It might be expensive, but a good encyclopedia is useful, too, because you can find information on any subject.In addition, it is useful to have on your bookshelves other non-fiction books such as history books, science textbooks, cookery books, books about medicine and health, and so on It is equally important to have some fiction on your shelves, too. Then you can relax with a good story, or from time to time you can take a book of poems off your shelves and read the thoughts and feelings of your favourite poets. XI. Choose the b est answer according to the information in the passage 1. Which is easier to get the news from? a) newspaper b) the television 2.Which is usually quicker? a) to read a biography of a famous person b) to watch a TV programme about a famous person 3. Which is usually cheaper? a) a paperback b) an evening at the cinema 4. Which is usually cheaper? a) a paperback b) a hardcover book 5. Which is it most important to have in your home? a) non-fiction books, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias b) fiction, such as novels, short stories and books of poems c) a mixture of both good non-fiction and your favourite fiction XII. Discuss the following questions with your partners 1.Were your parents worried that you watched too frequently TV when you were younger? 2. Did you find TV more interesting than anything else when you were at school? 3. Programmes on what subject do you like most of all? 4. Can you learn all you want on TV? 5. Do you think you get more information from books or TV? 6. Is it easier for you to memorize facts watching TV or reading books? 7. What do you like more to read books or to watch TV? XIII. Different people enjoy reading for different reasons. You will read five people saying why they like reading novels.Which of them says that novels a) are good for improving language skills? b) make them forget their problems? c) add some adventure to their life? d) teach them how to act in certain situations? e) increase their knowledge of other cultures? Reading Novels Ricky Oh, I love novels, especially if they have a good plot. I started reading them when I was 12, encouraged by my parents who were hoping Id be a writer myself. As it happened, reading so much at an early age had an effect on my studies, my compositions were always very good And I still read at least one novel a week.My own life isnt terribly exciting, apart from my work, which is very interesting, nothing much happens. In the novels I read theres always a lot going on, lots of thrilli ng events, and I can share in the experiences and problems of the characters. Ella Well, I use to read only short stories. That changed when I moved to a new city and found myself in a job I didnt really enjoy. I would get back home at about 5p. m. , make some supper and sit down to read a novel for the rest of the evening. Many of them are pretty unbelievable stories, and not particularly well-written.Its not as if you can imagine yourself in any of those situations, but the thing is they take my mind off whatevers worrying me. Ive had long conversations about this with friends who think I should read better role staff, but I know what Im doing. Sally Why I like reading novels? I remember as an adolescent, I used to read novels just so as to see how my favourite characters solved their problems. I thought I could then apply that to my own problems And Im not ashamed to say thats still the case, thats what Im looking for in the novels I read, and thats my reason for reading them.I always choose novels that are in a clear style, because I find complicated language difficult. And also I like the stories to be about countries and cultures I know well, because then I can understand the characters better. Tom I think reading novels is helping me a great deal in my studies, and although I havent got much spare time, I always make a point of reading a couple of hours in the evening. Im in my last year at secondary school, and frankly, reading novels is an excellent way of learning how people live in other countries, how they communicate with each other, what problems they have.Thats why I prefer novels with characters who are true to life, not the ones who have impossible adventures. Im very lucky because my best friend also likes reading and we can often discuss what weve both read. Alex I like reading novels because they help me develop the ability to write myself. I used to have real problems in producing a good piece of writing. It wasnt that I lacked ideas, no, my teachers always said my compositions were interesting. But I couldnt get my tenses right. Thats where reading novels helped.I dont think you can learn much about other things from novels, because the situations are usually so unrealistic. Some people say thats OK, if your lifes boring, you need the excitement of fiction. Well, my lifes exciting enough, so thats not my problem. 1. Do you like to read novels? Why? 2. Do you think that reading makes a person intelligent? XIV. Comment on the following 1. A house looks gloomy and uncheerful without books. 2. If the book is worth reading it is worth buying. 3. Books and friends should be few and good.

Treatment of Transgender People in India

Treatment of Transgender People in IndiaSummaryTransgender people are people who have a bun in the oven a gender identity that is various from the one which is assigned to them by birth. The cultures of India include transgenders as a third gender, referred to as Hijra in Hindi. past Vedic texts referred to transgenders as napumsaka to denote the lack of fruitful ability, and believed them to have the power to confer blessings on people on fortunate occasions. Hijras were lavishlyly respected in the Mughal period where they were considered as guardians of the harem, but after the bombardment of British Raj, they were criminalized and denied civil rights to an extent that long after the Independence of India, local laws in time reflect the prejudicial attitudes against them. They are remedy treated as hearty outcasts in modern India, and hence the close to common livelihoods for a modern-day Hijra mainly includes begging and prostitution besides their ceremonial task of ble ssing auspicious events. After almost half a century after Independence, the government of India granted Hijras the basic civil rights of every citizen but not yet fully accommodated to vote. Welfare policies were similarly introduced by the state governments, and transgenders were finally declared as a genially and economically backward class entitled to reservation, and also command discrimination against them. Ironically, homointimate inter line of business is still a criminal offence under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The transgenders are being empowered steady by the rise of various famous personalities like Kalki Subramanian, the first transgender woman to star in a motion picture Padmini Prakash, Indias first transgender to drop anchor a daily national and Manabi Bandyopadhyay, the first transgender to become a college principal, amongst countless others who still struggle to rise from the social stigma society has weighed upon them.1. BackgroundTransgende r, in definition, is a enclosure used to define people who may act, feel, think or look different from the sex they were assigned at birth. Actually, transgender is an umbrella term, since it covers a wide commixture of people including from anatomically bisexuals (intersex) to cross-dressers (heterosexual men who occasionally wear clothes, make-up and accessories that are associated with women in that culture). In India, the word transgender has been loosely associated with the hijras a term particularly used to describe people who are born physically manlike, but live as women, including dressing and socializing as female, and also go by the terms Aravani, Aruvani or Jagappa. According to the 2011 census, in which the third gender was recognized for the first time, the total population of the third gender was reported to be 4.88 lakhs, with Uttar Pradesh having almost 28.1% of them.Fig 1. Statistics of the population of transgenders in various states Often, transgenders and eu nuchs are used interchangeably whereas themeaning of both the terms is very different.2. HistoryIn Ancient India, the section of third sex loosely included infertile ladies, eunuchs, impotent men and bisexuals/intersex, which is affirmed by the recorded confirmation in the compositions of ancient India. The mental synthesis napumsaka has been instituted by the early Vedic literary works to denote the nonattendance of procreative capability, introduced by implying physical distinction from the masculine and feminine.In the Mughal period, Hijras occupied some of the most acclaimed positions such as generals, administrators, political advisors and also had the additional responsibility of guarding the harems. They were considered trustworthy, quick-witted and fiercely loyal to their rulers, and hence had free access to all spaces and sections of population. Hijras were also the occupants of high positions in the Islamic religious institutes, and were responsible of guarding Mecca and Medina, the holy places of the Muslims. In the start of the British Raj in theIndian subcontinent, Hijras were secured by some Indian provinces and weregranted privileges in the form of land, nourishment and a small standard of cashfrom agricultural households in exact areas. Be that as it may, these benefitswere finally eliminated with British lawmaking since the inheritance ofthe ancestral land was commanded to the blood relations whereas Hijras werephysically unequipped for mating and creating posterity. The Hijra community was eventuallycriminalized and denied social comparability by the British colonial administrationin the latter half of the nineteenth century. The Criminal Tribes Act, 1871incorporated the Hijras who were involved in hijacking, castrating andmutilating children and dressed like females to dance in public places. Theywere force field to an abundant amount of scrutinization from the Europeans sincerecords of early European explorers demonstrated that they were repelled by thesight of Hijras and couldnt comprehend as to why they were given such a greatamount of regard in the royal courts and other institutions.The Criminal Tribes Act, however was revokedin 1952, a couple of years after India announced autonomy from the British, yettragically, the bequest of the act proceeded and numerous local laws mirroredthe biased states of mind against specific tribes, including against Hijras.3. Religious background3.1 HinduismTransgenders wereperiodically acknowledged in the ancient sacred texts in Sanskrit and thereligious works of the rishis. The erotic sculptures on ancient Hindu templesat Khajuraho and Konarak, and the sacred texts in Sanskrit constituteirrefutable evidence that a whole mould of sexual behaviour was not an alienconcept for the ancient Hindus. The tradition of representing same-sex desirein literature and art continued in medieval Hinduism. shaper Rama, in the epic Ramayana, was embarking for the forest afterbeing expelled f rom Ayodhya for fourteen years, addresses to his devotees andasks all men and ladies to retreat to the city. Among his devotees, thehijras alone did not feel bound by this course and choose to remain with him.Inspired with their faithfulness, Rama granted them the ability to conferblessings on item-by-items on propitious events like child birth and marriage,and furthermore at inauguration functions which, it was supposed to set the phasefor the custom of badhai in which hijras sing, dance and bless. Aravan, the progeny of Arjuna and Nagakanya in the epic Mahabharata,offered to renounce his life to Goddess Kali to guarantee the triumph of thePandavas in the Kurukshetra war, on the sole condition that he was to spend thelast night of his life in marriage. Since no lady was ready to wed the one for and one night, Krishna assumes the form of a beautiful lady called Mohini andmarried him. The Hijras of Tamil Nadu considered Aravan their begetter and callthemselves Aravanis.3.2 IslamThe Islamic societyfundamentally took for granted that everyone was either male or female, and foroccasionally children whose anomalies in sexual physiology made it impossibleto determine whether the person was male or female, they were assigned to thesex whichever could explain their sexual physiology better. Jurists believedthat the germinal fluid of the dominant sex resulted in the offspring having thedominant sex, and in case of a tie, the child would be a hermaphrodite (khuntha). But the khuntha was still monitored for any signs which would firmly tie itto one of the sexes until puberty was achieved. Finally, if puberty failed toassign khuntha mushkil into thesexes, Islamic jurists had the final call to declare the gender, which wasirreversible and permanent.3.3 ChristianityChristianity bundles together a variety of views on transgenderismand issues of gender identity, ranging from considering transgender acts assinful to seeing it as morally acceptable, and these views are also di fferentfor each individual within a denomination. An individual is also not bound tosupport their churchs views on transgenderism as their own.Although the Old CatholicChurch accepts transgender members and the LGBT community in general, but italso considers sex-change procedures as superficial and external in the senseit does not change the personality and the essence of a persons soul and hencedoes not change a persons gender in the eyes of the Church.The New Testament presentseunuchs as acceptable candidates for evangelism, absolution and also eligibleto be the members of the clergy but they are not considered valid candidates tomarry.4. Socio Economic StatusHijras are treated as social outcasts in modern India despite the fact that they form an ancient social group which has been recognized for roughly four thousand years and depicted in Indias epic literature and temple sculptures cod to degradation of the status of the Hijras during the colonial period, when several laws crim inalizing them were enforced. Little has changed since the post-independence era, since the most common livelihoods for a modern-day Hijra include begging, dancing and engaging in prostitution although they still are regarded as harbingers of good luck at auspicious events such as a marriage or the birth of a child. The major tush of social structure among the Hijras is the relation between a guru and their youngsters, which is modeled both on the Hindu joint family and on the relationship of spiritual leader and disciple in Hinduism. The guru is synonymous to both a teacher and an elder in a family, who is expected to take care of the chelas material needs, whereas the chela is expected to show deference and obedience to the guru and offer the guru her earnings.An effective measure of social control prevalent in the Hijra community over its members is mainly through the rigorous monopoly over the opportunities of work by the Hijra elders. Hijra members are required to pay compen sation to the particular guru in whose territory she wants to earn her living in, and they have to throw in the towel this right to earn when they are thrown out of the particular territory. An outcast Hijra has virtually no source of income since she will neither be able to serve in any auspicious event or ritual, since all Hijra performances are mandated by a guru, nor be able to beg in another gurus territory.5. PoliticsHijras have beenperceived by the legislatures of both India (1994) and Pakistan (2009) as a newgender section, the third sex. Consequently, the government has conceding themthe essential social equality of each native. They can now distinguishthemselves as a eunuch on prescribed government documents and passports, but contestingin elections is still an impediment for Hijras since candidates contesting forelections have to clearly identify themselves as either of the two gendersaccommodated by the redundant governmental laws. The Election Committee ofIndia denied the candidature of three Hijras in the 2009 general elections onthe basis of non-identification of the candidates into the binary genders. The firsttransgender to be elected in public office is Shabnam Mausi Bano, an elected memberof the Madhya Pradesh State Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2003.6. Transgender RightsAfter the official recognition of transgenders as a third sex, welfare policies were introduced first in the states Tamil Nadu and Kerala, where transgender people could access free sex reassignment surgery, free housing, entre in government colleges with full scholarship and alternative sources of livelihood through formation of self-help groups.On 15th April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender people as a socially and economically backward class entitled to reservations in Education and Job, and also directed union and state governments to frame welfare schemes for them,On 24 April 2015, the Rajya Sabha passed the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill , 2014 guaranteeing rights and entitlements, reservations in education and jobs (2% reservation in government jobs), legal aid, pensions, unemployment allowances and skill development for transgender people. It also contains provisions to prohibit discrimination in employment, keep back abuse, violence and exploitation of transgender people. Sadly, Homosexual intercourse was made a criminal offense under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. This made it an offence for a person to voluntarily have carnal intercourse against the order of nature. The Ministry of Home Affairs also stated its opposition against the decriminalization of homosexual activity, stating that in India, homosexuality is seen as being immoral.7. Famous TransgenderPersonalities7.1 Kalki SubramanianKalki Subramaniam is a transgenderrights activist, artist, actor, writer and entrepreneur from Tamil Nadu. In 2011, shestarred in the Tamilfilm, Narthagi. She is the firsttransgender woman in India to do a lead role in a motion picture. In 2008, shefounded the SahodariFoundation, an organization that advocates for transgender people inIndia. She haspostgraduate degrees in mass communicationand in internationalrelations. Subramaniam founded SahajInternational schoolhouse in 2017, which is dedicated to serving transgenderstudents ages 25 through 50 who have not been supported in mainstream schools.It is the first school specifically designated for transgender students inIndia and is located in Kochi,Kerala.7.2 Padmini PrakashPadmini Prakash is Indiasfirst transgender to anchor a daily television news show, emerging as a bombastic voice for the neglected community. She is an avid Bharatanatyam and Kathakdancer and acted in a television serial. She has also been awarded MissTransgender of India. She has been a vocal activist for transgender rights, andhas been protesting against the discrimination, harassment and stigma that thesexual minority faces in India.7.3 Manabi BandyopadhyayManabi Ban dyopadhyay isthe professor and firsttransgender person in Indiawho has completed Doctor ofPhilosophy (PhD). Bandyopadhyay was associate professor in Bengaliat Vivekananda Satobarshiki Mahavidyalaya and took load as principal ofKrishnagar Womens College on 7 June 2015. She is Indias first openlytransgender college principal, and began work as such in 2015 at the KrishnagarWomens College in Nadia district. Manabi is a devotee of Sarada Devi and she wasinitiated in spiritual life by SwamiAtmasthananda.8. ConclusionThe report analyzes the history and the present situation of the transgenders in India. From being revered and respected in ancient times, they became social outcasts in modern times. In spite of the government implementing numerous welfare programs and declaring reservations in government jobs and services, a huge percentage of the Hijras are still pin down in slums on the margins of the cities, engaging in prostitution and begging, bereft of these benefits. A better imple mentation of the welfare schemes and strict criminal action against people who exploit, come apart and alienate transgenders is sorely required for the social and economic upliftment of the Hijras.9. Bibliographyhttps//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenderhttp//www.lawctopus.com/academike/case-studies-statistics-survey-hijras/http//www.census2011.co.in/transgender.phphttps//controversycourse.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/sanders-ungendered.pdfhttp//www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/hijras_transgender_in_india_hiv_human_rights_and_social_exclusion.pdfhttp//www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/islam/islam/hijrahttp//www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ARSS-Vol.4-No.1-Jan-June-2015-pp.17-19.pdfhttp//hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/175/what-does-hinduism-say-about-third-gendered-peoplehttps//thetech.com/2016/08/25/hijra-communityhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)

Masculinity In Hong Kong Action Films Film Studies Essay

Masculinity In Hong Kong Action Films Film Studies EssayThe study of dart masculinity still t remnants to concern itself with the products of local society. The focus of the essay is to represent a close begin to masculinity in Hong Kong cinema. Chinese old traditional genres such as Kung Fu, historical prink drama, and the Chinese opera had been the staples of Hong Kong cinema since it has been established (Kei, 1994). This essay analyses two films of a uniquely Hong Kong perspective. The two main titles referred in this essay argon A weaken Tomorrow ( butterfly, 1986), the gangster image that revitalized the filmmaker s c beer by the success of his first gangster movie, and city on farm ( function, 1987), produces a city on fire season of overbold type of undercover cistron movie early time in Hong Kong. Each film represents common and modern Hong Kong gangster movie on preliminary 80s. Both of these two directors created a new gangster and cop character in films, they defined a local cultural identity in Hong Kong filming industry and influence the stylist of west pull through cinema (Vesia, 2002). This essay approaches the study of masculinist text of my emotion tone and feels of the two films, and attends to address ideology of male relationship and gender difference as a masquerade.A give way Tomorrow tags with Hong Kong gangster attractionship whose name are Ho (cast by Lung Ti) and Mark (cast by Yun-Fat Chow), and Ho was double-crossed and arrested in Taiwan. After he was released, Mark tries to persuade him to go to their old malefactor life. But, Ho is more concern about his brother equip (cast by Leslie Cheung) who is a Hong Kong patrol officer, and his responsibility for the death of their father. And Ho s gang leader was replaced by his old subordinate, Shing (cast by Waise Lee) who plays brother against brother Ho. At the end, Mark and Shing die, while Ho and kit were reunited and head back to prison.City on finish concerns K o Chow (cast by Yun-Fat Chow) is an undercover agent who betrayed his criminal friend to the police force. The criminal boss Fu (cast by Danny Lee), whose gang is terrorizing the town with numerous robberies and the forthcoming, big robbery of a jewelry introduce. Ko and Fu become friends as Kos mission is again to go undercover to Fus gang and give details to the police about the robbery. so the criminals could be arrested and sent to prison. Unfortunately, Ko nonices it is too late to undo what hes done again, again he finds himself betraying a friend, but this time the results are more horrific.As described above, these are some features in common in these two films both of them are extremely violent both brain by Yun-Fat Chow who was the most famous Asian character both revolve nigh the story of gangster and police and both are confabulation about individual friendship and allegiance of male character. It is possible that gangsters and cops have something in common in our real world. It is in like manner possible that an undercover has unbowed friendship with a gangster while they are in the verso position of the law. Furthermore, It is not surprising that the relationship in the midst of gangster and cop displace reduced by true friendship. It is clear that the brave police and thriller gangster other side of them. If the main elements are cop and gangster, then it dig the thick(p) inside of unknown natural character is the key loony toons to solve.However, from Man on the Brink (Cheung, 1981) to On the Edge (Yau H. , 2006), undercover film seems trapped in a frame set an undercover agent end with a tragic death. However, there is no specific detail on describing the agent s mental activities that how to convince themselves to become an undercover agent, while they have a mission. Most of this genre of film only pays attention to the strategy and courage of agent. there is not on the characters actor on deep inside activities. While the und ercover film has already manipulated by director nowadays, City on Fire is one of the transition or a stage that undercover film goes to a higher levels of representing. It is earlier to be accepted by the audition as these undercover become a real part of film. Ringo lean and John Woo both are likely to represent the sexual union in the film. Woo s undercover ism mind is If there is something reason may not from themselves, they have to do is to do , while Lam s philosophy is I would rather not to do it instead of Betraying my friends . Furthermore, the lighting and color of these undercover films are cold, Woo s film presenting a romantic atmosphere, whereas Lam always manifest warm and funny scene. For example, the last police chase scene in City on Fire, the background music is the allegro of Christmas songs, and sooner the preceding is very depressed. These two directors are also good at editing some humor and plot on the film, such as By throwing food to attract beautiful women pay attention to small scene to rich a film so-called giant inside, detail outside in Lam s film.In my opinion, the difference between Lam and Woo is the theme of for each one film. Woos theme always is to revenge for friendship, brother, and lover, and this routine will never end with. While Lam s theme is to bury alive with the dead for friendship, brother, and lover, it is enough for regretless while lives. Different from Woo s films, they tended to romanticise the gangster figure without any moralistic judgment (Vesia, 2002). It is the main reason Lams film conveys this message to audiences. Finally, the myth letter in City on fire, Ko s lover to leaves audience an message that does she wait for Ko in Hawaii? Instead of the issue if China is relevant to lead and guide Hong Kong s upcoming after 1997. Then, it can be said that nothing is perfect to make up to audience taste. Thus, Lam s films achieve the success of Yun-Fat Chow, and Chows performance is accomplishing Lam s film.Yi-Qi (Code of Brotherhood) in Hong Kong gangster filmsCodes such as brotherhood, filiality and loyalty are not just one sign to look at the masculinity onscreen, it also is familiar to the Chinese cinema which links to the social order both in the film and the society outside. Fuery points that code order signs as well as provide rules of exclusion, combination, and hierarchy (Fuery, 1997). As such, code in the social order of Chinese films representation is a social justice and the moral domain within different subject and non-national settings (Berry Ann, 2006). It represents the symbols of ethnic heritage and the myth old tradition of a nation.The concept of YiQi ( ) is Code of Brotherhood which includes Loyalty (Zhong ), Filiality (Xiao), Benevolence (Ren ), Brotherhood (Yi ) to explore the wide debates around social structure, gender and nation in Chinese nation. These codes are the core of Chinese law and custom that the ordered nation refer to the debates within th e Chinese moral health and local structure of the social problems. The Code of Brotherhood reflects reciprocal family-based relationships which with male privilege (Berry Ann, 2006). The family code related to the social and nation networks of power. It focuses on codes of behavior between subject and ruler, between father and sons, and between brothers.These rules often operates the Chinese mythic underworld-JiangHu ( )-it have its own rules in this world but it does not exist in the real world. There, Woo s gangster movies value Chinese traditional rules of family and friendship in Hong Kong modern society, brotherhood involves strong wonted(a) rules that translate into a range of genres, from revolutionary comrade films to martial arts and gangster movies. And the code of honor applies to hitmanes on both sides of the law. In A Better Tomorrow, Ho and Mark are at ease only in all-male societies the gang, or the taxi company in where Ho found the job. On the family ties, Kit ref uses his gangster brother because of Ho s responsibility to their father s death, so Mark becomes Ho brother, in other words is to replace kit to be a substitute. Ho is trying to be a good man, but kit does not trust him. They father die for his son Ho. and Ho save Shing, Mark is crippled when he is revenged Ho. It is a sensibility that is well illustrated through Woo s characterization of Mark as a minor hero representing traditional codes of honour and bravery in a modern era (Vesia, 2002). Then, Ho and Mark steal the tape for Kit to risk their lives. This is a chain rule around Mark, Ho and Kit indicates the Code of Brotherhood that is typical Chinese hero.Furthermore, the Code of Brotherhood has mythic status in monetary value of the contemporary Chinese culture and the order of society. Joseph wrote that the rules such as Filiality (Xiao) were right in Chinese old tradition (Needham, 1954). In City on Fire, the booster station undercover employs death defying stunts. But, La m ends his gangster film for memories the death of Ko Chow to executed criminals. In the last battle scene, Ko said to Fu (Danny leeward Sau-Yin) I was an undercover agent, please shoot me, you still have time for it, because i own you too much. It was a kind of humanitys struggle with the friend and brother. They opposite position have been upgrade to a new level of the friendship. Ko resists on his bottom line of the distinction between gangster and undercover. But its a human debt on the friendship have never been fixed. Thus, at the end of City on Fire, Kos death peradventure is the best way to end his friendship debt. Because Ko was suffered by betrayed a friend earlier, his nightmare of intense fear, horror and distress feeling leads to He always blames himself due to betray his friends. It perhaps to arrange this death of character is to explain the injustice, violence as ongoing features of society. Both of the death of Mark and Ko is to the result of Loyalty (Zhong) to his friendship. And also it explains the obligation (Yi) why the true friendship is worth to risk their lives or sacrifices themselves for their brothers and friends.Finally, the Code of Brotherhood of Chinese masculinity, in other words, male bonding is one simile way to presents the Hong Kongs proximo relationship with China. Specifically, these films seem to represent the fantasy of a relationship between equals (analogous to a relationship between men) rather than between unequals (i.e., between men and women) and it is a fear of China that makes the homoerotic element such a compelling fantasy (Sandell, 1994). Male and man power can be seductive and attractive indorse to focus on the representation of Chinese cinema.the balance between sexual difference in cinemas which indicates fair relationship of brotherhood and unfair relationship between men and women. In A Better Tomorrow, The result to plot only one woman who is Kits wife and she is facing sacramental manduction suffer ing, and hinges on a male ethos of loyalty. In contrast, City on Fire is around the theme of loyalty and friendship between gangster and undercover agent at opposite position of the law. Kos lover appears in the film is slowing down the tension of the undercover, and it prevents the normal progress towards in terms of approach the reality of personal inter-relationship. Thus, it is successful to treat women in similar depth. When a woman is discussed, it becomes a wider study in Chinese cinema.Influence to the westReid point out that Woo has remade traditional martial arts genres by replacing swords and knives with guns (Reid, 1993-4). Woo said his action film was most inspired by earlier Hong Kong martial arts. Especially his mentor Zhang Che, his film is not only representing strong masculinity, loyalty, chivalry figures on the martial art action, but also he is accent on the symbolic slow motion to express this movement. However, Woo s stylistic influence upon Reservoir Dogs (Qu entin, 1992) and True Romance (Scott Tarantino, 1993). Quentin also inspired from City on Fire (Lam, 1987) and it is upon the themes of city on fire season to express his passion and admiration to Hong Kong filmmakers. One might certainly conclude from this that Hong Kong action film industry achieves an oversea and cross-culture to such international visibility. Therefore, Kung Fu was the most popular elements both in Eastern and Western films.Kill Bill I II (Tarantino, 2003-4) describes how a woman overthrows patriarchal authority to revenge for her daughter. In the coffin box, Beatrix Kiddo (Uma Thurman) was bury by Budd (Michael Madsen), then she use her learning from Chinese martial arts overtake Bai Mei (Chia Hui Liu) and gather all strength on one hand for breaking the coffin and then she can escape outside. Within the martial artists performance, uncloudedness can be achieved not only through the precision of the movement but also an effort to focus the entire bodys ener gy in each gesture (Yau E. C., 2001). To compare earlier Hong Kong film patriarchal society, Tarantino s film represents the punishment of patriarchal hegemony. His work aims to explore the origins of the cool and the way in which images (or reputations) are echoed in the realm of popular culture (Poleg, 2004). And he is showing that there is no different between man and woman in our modern society. It also critics the corresponding to patriarchal authority of Hong Kong cinemas to arousing people conscience and social justice then seeking for the solution of the gangster in sin city. For instance, the yellow correspond of protagonist Beatrix Kiddo in Kill Bill is to show his admiring to martial arts master Bruce Lee.ConclusionChinese cinematic imaginary provides a rich store of regimes of justice and power through which men relate to, and fight with each other (Berry Ann, 2006). Both Woo and Lam are dealing with the tension of loyalty and friendship and social order of Chinese tra ditional heritage, and also apply to heroes on both side of law. The difference is the theme Woo s revenging and Lam s burying for friendship, brother, and lover, they heroes from both side of the law is to justice the male bonding related to the unsteady society tone and the anxiety of Hong Kong s future after recover it in 1997. Both Woo and Lam focus on the relationship of male to indicate the changing representation of Hong Kong cinema. They are the new wave pioneering directors in order to balance the theme of the human relationship and entertainment with vision and sound effects. Moreover, western critics and film scholars also began to take Hong Kong action into mainstream theatre cinema seriously and made many key figures and films part of their canon of world cinema. In short, Hong Kong cinema defines a new genre of hero image in action film valuing traditional distinctive feature of patriarchal authority. It also produces superstars such as Yun-Fat Chow who became a worldw ide popularity star due to his cool performance. However, as the development of the modernization, directors pay attention to these women who are economic independence and autonomy character in order to appealing audience taste of female onscreen.

The Man With The Movie Camera

The Man With The Movie CameraDziga Vertovs 1929 film, The Man with the Movie Camera, documents lifespan in a Russian city while also telling a story about filmmaking. The film is a dazzling mix of mental imagination and technique, inviting the viewer to see the city through the eyes of the photographic television cameraman, and to share his perception of the events and visions that he encounters through the filmmaking process. This review will examine the films narrative line and its inherent themes, its use of genre and generic traditions, the cinematic techniques employed and the effectiveness of its approach to the material.At the beginning of the film, The Man with the Movie Camera defines itself as something out of the ordinary. In the opening credits, the title cards refer to the film as an experiment in the cinematic communication of visible events, executed without the aid of intertitles, without the aid of a scenario, without the aid of a theater (Vertov). From the outs et, the film distinguishes itself by aiming to explore the pure essence of film-to document and record human life and activity in the take shape of moving pictures. The Man with the Movie Camera is split into four sections, and is book-ended by imagery relating to film and filmmaking. It opens in a cinema and closes with the lens of a camera shutting its eye.From a narrative perspective, the film is different from the norm in that it has no typical protagonist or antagonist. If a main feature had to be defined, he would be the cameraman, with his main supporting character being the editor. The city and its inhabitants as a unified entity also become a major character in the film, tapering how they interact with each other in the daily routine of work, hiatus and leisure through the perspective of the filmmaker. The movie is predominantly relate with depicting reality, rather than dramatized fiction or re-creations of historic events.The films story is constructed in an unconven tional narrative style, but is brought unneurotic through the recurring theme of the camera and the filmmaker. The events in the film take place over the course of a day, and although Vertov experiments with geographical and temporal continuity, the audience is given enough information to piece together the plot. Upon first viewing, this plot may not be entirely clear, but as Roberts confirms, The Man with the Movie Camera does have a plot (1). to each one section of the film covers the different parts of the day (work, rest and leisure), and through this, Vertov establishes images which provide the visual language which is brought into play throughout the length of the film. By layering this imagery through editing and montage, and combining them with the underlying story of the filmmaker and his camera, the overarching narrative is tied together. Roberts explains that all human life is here from rescue to death via childhood, marriage, divorce, work, rest and play (2).This avan t-garde style of filmic storytelling became popular in the form of the city symphony genre. Dimendberg explains that the genre encompasses around twenty titles and relies heavily upon montage to represent a cross-section of life in the late metropolis (109). In adhering to this genre, The Man with the Movie Camera does away with the traditional trappings of the documentary and becomes something different. There is no narration, no conventional narrative or plot elements, but rather a succession of rhythmic imagery detailing the inner workings of a city. Graf describes the genres structure as having a dawn to dusk strategy in the search for a pure film form (79).Vertov employed many cinematic techniques to achieve the incredible momentum of imagery found in the film. These techniques included split-screen, slow motion, freeze-frame, fast motion, and stop-motion animation. The stop-motion animation sequence where the camera seems to come alive and move around on its tripod remains s tartling even today. When juxtaposed with the everyday motions of human life which the film presents, it becomes clear that the camera itself has a life of its stimulate. It has its own perception of events separate from that of the filmmaker, and separate from that of the audience. The diversity of techniques used makes the film a showcase of the power of cinema and its ability to transform everyday life into something completely different, with its own rhythm and sense of unpredictability.The editing in The Man with the Movie Camera is one of the films strongest points. There is a segment which contrasts challenging footage of a birth with that of a funeral. As one life ends, another begins. Similarly, there is a vista of marriage, with joyous atmosphere and smiling faces. In contrast, Vertov inserts a somber scene of a couple signing their divorce papers. These binary oppositions are ubiquitous throughout the film, with juxtapositions between work and play, play and rest, man a nd machine, and many others.The musical malt whiskey also brings much life and energy to the film. The repeated themes complement the visual language that Vertov established. According to Feldman, Vertov carefully planned the musical score and may fountainhead have intended the work to be made as the first Soviet sound film (qtd in Barsam 74). The synchronicity between sound do and onscreen action creates an impressive and exciting mosaic of audio and imagery.While the film is certainly a product of its time, it holds up surprisingly well in modern day. Barsam states that the film was well-received in the domestic and international press (74). The inventive narrative construction and the multitude of cinematic techniques placed the film genuinely ahead of its time. Vertov was no-hit in his attempt at documenting Russian life in a city without many of the normal elements typically found in documentaries. He managed to show an impressive cross-section of Russian society, by followi ng the daily lives of different classes of people. The Man with the Movie Camera remains a wonderful piece of observational cinema, and offers a fascinating view of life as it was in the Soviet 1920s.

Insomnia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Insomnia is the inability to obtain adequate amount or bore of sleep. The difficulty can be with falling asleep, remaining asleep, or both (Insomnia Encyclopedia). Sleeping is a major point in physically and mentally restoring yourself for the tasks ahead. Most people say that about eight hours of sleep is an adequate amount, however it differs from soulfulness to person depending on their sex, age, and health conditions. An estimated one-third of the population suffers from about form of insomnia. In recent studies, a survey reported that 30% of American women and 20% of American men took medication to help them sleep during the word form of a year (Insomnia). The medications these people took are called hypnotics. The causes of insomnia vary for different situations. Transient insomnia can be caused by temporary situations like arguments, medical illness and small fry lag. On the other hand chronic insomnia has many causes. Sleep apnea, over use of caffeine, anxiety disorders , stress and several other factors. The symptoms of insomnia can be notice right in the morning. When you wake up and are not feeling refreshed from a nights sleep. A person may have difficulty sleeping, eject and turn for hours or fall asleep easily but are awakened very early in the morning. To diagnose a person with insomnia, a patient may keep a record for two weeks of their sleeping patterns, food intake, exercise, etc., and then a physician can base their diagnosis by the reported signs and symptoms. If an insomnia patient does not respond to treatments then they may have a sleeping disorder that requires a specialist (Insomnia Encyclopedia).Before insomnia take down occurs, there are ways that a person can prevent or lessen the effects of it. Exercising regularly would be something a person should do, but not close to bedtime because exercising stimulates arousal. Avoiding caffeine and nicotine, such as coffe... ...uncture or chiropractic help, or alternative remedies and other sources of relief. Even though insomnia has become a common illness in the world, there are several different ways to treat it. People should not have to struggle to get a good night of sleep, it is an essential part of our lives. We should be able to go to sleep when we need to and wake up full refreshed and ready to reduce the day. Works CitedChokroverty, Sudhansu. 100 Questions and Answers about Sleep and Sleep Disorders. 2003. Google.(Dec. 14 2004).http//www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/insomnia.html. (28 November 2004). Insomnia. Health and Age. 2003.http//www.healthandage.com/Home/?gm=20&gc=26. (28 November 2004). Kinosian, Janet. The Well-Rested Woman 60 Soothing Suggestions for get a Good Nights Sleep. Conari Press. Morin, Charles M. Relief from Insomnia Getting the Sleep of Your Dreams. New York DoubleDay, 1996.

The Nymph Rejects the Shepherd Essay -- Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd

The Nymph Rejects the Shepherd The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd is Sir Walter Raleighs poem of compassionate rejection in solvent to Christopher Marlowes poem The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. The reasons the nymph gives for her rejection are just excuses her real reason for turning the shepherd down is her lack of love for him. The nymph responds to the shepherds final cause to come live with me and be my love (1) by saying all of the things he wants to give her will fade, whither, and be forgotten therefore, she cannot accept his offer. The shepherd lists in his poem many beautiful things he will give the nymph and all of the wonderful things they will do together. And we will sit upon the rocks, / Seeing the shepherds throw their flocks...And I will make thee ...