Forward the Foundation Chapter 27

22Mr. Bindris, tell Hari Seldon, reaching surface his hand to flutter the separates. I am so glad to be able to imbibe you. It was devout of you to agree to see me.Why non? say Terep Bindris jovi all toldy. I inhabit you well. Or, quite, I sacrifice a go at it of you well.Thats pleasant. I take it youve identifyd of psychohistory, accordingly.Oh yes, what tidy person hasnt? non that I understand anything about it, of course. And who is this novel madam you cook with you?My granddaughter, Wanda.A very pretty junior wo world. He beamed. mosthow I feel Id be putty in her hands.Wanda said, I see you exaggerate, sir.No, truly. instantly, please, sit trim and tell me what it is I open fire do for you. He gestu passing expansively with his arm, indicating that they be seated on two overstuffed, richly raised(a) chairs in front of the desk at which he sit. The chairs, resembling the ornate desk, the lofty carved doors which had slid rear noiselessly at their arrival signal, and the gleaming obsidian write up of Bindriss vast office, were of the finest quality. And, although his surroundings were impressive-and imposing-Bindris himself was not. The slight cordial man would not be taken, at prime(prenominal) glance, for superstar of Trantors leading financial powerbrokers.Were here, sir, at the emperors suggestion.The Emperor?Yes, he could not help us, further he thought a man like you might be able to do so. The question, of course, is credits.Bindriss introduce fell. impute? he said. I dont understand.Well, said Seldon, for nearly forty aged age, psychohistory has been support by the govern manpowert. However, cartridge clips change and the Empire is no longer what it was.Yes, I know that.The Emperor lacks the credits to support us or, even if he did devote the credits, he couldnt birth the request for funding past the Legislature. He recom handsds, thitherfore, that I see businesspeople who, in the first place, let off de fecate credits and, in the stake place, can exclusively write out a credit voucher.There was a longish pause and Bindris at last said, The Emperor, Im afraid, knows nothing about business. -How many credits do you want?Mr. Bindris, were lecture about an enormous task. Im demeanor out to need several iodin million million.Several millionYes, sir.Bindris frowned. Are we talking about a loan here? When do you expect to be able to net in pay back it tail end?Well, Mr. Bindris, I cant frankly say I ever expect to be able to pay it stick out. Im looking for a induct.Even if I wanted to give you the credits-and let me tell you, for some strange reason I very very frequently want to do so-I couldnt. The Emperor may obtain his Legislature, yet I have my Board genus Phalluss. I cant fabricate a gift of that ramify without the Boards permission and theyll never grant it.Why not? Your unwavering is hugely wealthy. A some million would esteem nothing to you.That sounds go od, said Bindris, notwithstanding Im afraid that the firm is in a state of decline compensate now. Not sufficiently to bring us into serious trouble, but nice to specify us unhappy. If the Empire is in a state of decay, divers(prenominal) individual parts of it argon decaying, too. We are in no slope to hand out a few million. Im truly sorry.Seldon sat there silently and Bindris seemed unhappy. He agitate his Head at last and said, Look, prof Seldon, I would really like to help you out, particularly for the sake of the young lady you have with you. It plainly cant be d unmatched. However, were not the only firm in Trantor. Try others, prof. You may have better luck elsewhere.Well, said Seldon, raising himself to his feet with an effort, we shall try.23Wandas eye were filled with tears, but the emotion they delineate was not sorrow but fury.Grandpa, she said, I dont understand it. I simply dont understand it. Weve been to four different firms. Each champion was ruder and nas tier to us than the mavin in the first place. The fourth one barely kicked us out. And since wherefore, no one go out let us in.Its no mystery, Wanda, said Seldon gently. When we saw Bindris, he didnt know what we were there for and he was perfectly friendly until I asked for a gift of a few million credits. Then he was a colossal deal less friendly. I imagine the word went out as to what we wanted and each additional time there was less favor until now, when people wont receive us at all. Why should they? Theyre not going to give us the credits we need, so why waste time with us?Wandas anger off-key on herself. And what did I do? I just sat there. Nothing.I wouldnt say that, said Seldon. Bindris was affected by you. It seems to me that he really wanted to give me the credits, largely because of you. You were pushing him and accomplishing something.Not nearly complete. Be human faces, all he cared about was that I was pretty.Not pretty, muttered Seldon. Beautiful. actual ly beautiful.So what do we do now, Grandpa? asked Wanda. After all these geezerhood, psychohistory provide afford.I suppose that, said Seldon in a way, its something that cant be helped. Ive been predicting the sectionalisation of the Empire for nearly forty years and now that its puzzle, psychohistory breaks down with it. only if psychohistory bequeath save the Empire, at least partly.I know it will, but I cant force it to.Are you just going to let it collapse?Seldon shook his notch. Ill try to keep it from doing so, but I must conduct that I dont know how Im going to do it.Wanda said, Im going to practice. There must be some way I can strengthen my push, make it easier for me to force people to do what I want them to do.I privation you could manage.What are you going to do, Grandpa?Well, nothing much. Two days ago, when I was on my way to see the Chief Librarian, I encountered triad men in the Library who were arguing about psychohistory. For some reason, one of them af fect me very much. I urged him to come see me and he agreed. The ap meridianment is for this afternoon at my office.Are you going to have him browse for you?I would like to-if I have teeming credits to pay him with. But it cant brook to talk with him. After all, what can I dawdle?24The young man arrived at precisely 4 T.S.T. (Trantorian Standard Time) and Seldon smiled. He love punctual people. He placed his hands on his desk and made quick to heave to his feet, but the young man said, Please, professor, I know you have a bad leg. You neednt stand up.Seldon said, Thank you, young man. However, that does not mean that you cannot sit down. Please do.The young man removed his jacket and sat down.Seldon said, You must forgive me when we met and set up this appointment, I neglected to get a line your name-which is?Stettin Palver, said the young man.Ah. Palver Palver The name sounds familiar.It should, prof. My grandfather boasted frequently of having known you.Your grandfather. Of course. Joramis Palver. He was two years younger than I was, as I recall. I assay to get him to join me in psychohistory, but he go downd. He said there was no chance of his ever learning enough mathematics to make it possible. Too bad How is Joramis, by the way?Palver said solemnly, Im afraid that Joramis has gone the way of quondam(a) men generally. Hes dead.Seldon winced. Two years younger than he himself was-and dead. An old friend and they had lost touch to much(prenominal) a degree that, when death came, it did so unknowingly.Seldon sat there for a while and finally muttered, Im sorry.The young man shrugged. He had a good life.And you, young man, where did you have your schooling?Langano University.Seldon frowned. Langano? Stop me if Im wrong, but thats not on Trantor, is it?No. I wanted to try a different world. The Universities on Trantor, as you undoubtedly know very well, are all overcrowded. I wanted to take a place where I could study in peace.And what did you stud y?Nothing much. History. Not the sort of thing that would lead one to a good job.(Another wince, even worse than the first. Dors Venabili had been a historian.)Seldon said, But youre back here on Trantor. Why is that?Credits. Jobs.As an historian?Palver laughed. Not a chance. I run a device that pulls and hauls. Not exactly a professional occupation.Seldon looked at Palver with a twinge of envy. The contours of Palvers arms and chest were highlighted by the thin fabric of his shirt. He was well muscled. Seldon had never himself been sooner that muscular. Seldon said, I presume that when you were at the University, you were on the boxing team.Who, me? Never. Im a cruller.A Twister Seldons spirits jumped. Are you from Helicon?Palver said with a certain contempt, You dont have to come from Helicon to be a good Twister.No, thought Seldon, but thats where the best ones come from.However, he said nothing.He did say, though, Well, your grandfather would not join me. How about you?Psychohi story?I perceive you talking to the others when I first encountered you and it seemed to me that you were talking quite intelligently about psychohistory. Would you like to join me, then?As I said, professor, I have a job.Pushing and hauling. Come, come.It pays well.Credits arent everything.Theyre quite a bit. Now you, on the other hand, cant pay me much. Im quite certain that youre short of credits.Why do you say that?Im guessing, in a way, I suppose. But am I wrong?Seldons lips touch unneurotic hard, then he said, No, youre not wrong and I cant pay you much. Im sorry. I suppose that ends our little interview.Wait, wait, wait. Palver held up his hands. Not quite so fast, please. Were windlessness talking about psychohistory. If I work for you, I will be taught psychohistory, right?Of course.In that case, credits arent everything, after all. Ill make you a deal. You give instruction me all the psychohistory you can and you pay me whatever you can and Ill get by somehow. How ab out it?Wonderful, said Seldon joyously. That sounds expectant. Now, one more thing.Oh?Yes. Ive been attacked twice in new weeks. The first time my son came to my defense, but he has since gone to Santanni. The second time I made use of my lead-filled walking stick. It worked, but I was dragged before a magistrate and accused of assault and battery-Why the attacks? interjected Palver.I am not popular. I have been preaching the Fall of the Empire for so long that, now that it is feeler, I am blamed for it.I see. Now then, what does all that have to do with the one more thing you mentioned?I want you to be my bodyguard. Youre young, youre strong, and, most of all, youre a Twister. Youre exactly what I need.I suppose it can be managed, Palver said with a smile.25 assemble there, Stettin, Seldon said as the two were taking an early evening perambulation in one of Trantors residential sectors near Streeling. The older man pointed to debris-assorted refuse jettisoned from passing grou ndcars or dropped by careless pedestrians-strewn on the pass. In the old days, Seldon continued, you would never see litter like this. The security officers were vigilant and municipal maintenance crews provided round-the-clock upkeep of all public areas. But, most important, no one would even sound off of dumping his trash in such a manner. Trantor was our home we took pride in it. Now-Seldon shook his head sadly, resignedly, and sighed-its- He broke off abruptly.You there, young man Seldon shouted at a ill-kempt fellow who had moments before passed them, going in the opposite direction. He was munching a treat just popped into his mouth the wrapper had been tossed to the ground without so much as a downward glance. Pick that up and shake off of it properly, Seldon admonished as the young man eyed him backbreakingly.Pick it up yourself, the son snarled and then he turned and walked away.Its another sign of societys breakdown, as predicted by your psychohistory, professor Sel don, Palver said.Yes, Stettin. All around us the Empire is go apart, piece by piece. In fact, its already smashed-theres no turning back now. Apathy, decay, and greed have all played their parts in destroying the once-glorious Empire. And what will take its place? Why-Here Seldon broke off at the battle array of Palvers face. The younger man seemed to be listening intently-but not to Seldons voice. His head was cocked to one side and his face had a far-off look. It was as if Palver were straining to get a line some sound inaudible to everyone but himself.Suddenly he snapped back to the here and now. With an urgent glance around them, Palver took hold of Seldons arm. Hari, quick, we must get away. Theyre coming And then the still evening was broken by the gravelly sound of rapidly approaching footsteps. Seldon and Palver spun around, but it was too late a band of attackers was upon them. This time, however, Hari Seldon was prepared. He immediately swung his cane in a wide arc aro und Palver and himself. At this, the three attackers-two boys and a girl, all puerile ruffians-laughed.So, youre not goin to make it easy, are you, old man? snorted the boy who appeared to be the groups ringleader. Why, me and my buddies, well take you out in two seconds flat. Well- All of a sudden, the ringleader was down, the dupe of a perfectly placed Twist-kick to his abdomen. The two ruffians who were still standing apace dropped to a crouch in preparation for attack. But Palver was quicker. They, too, were felled almost before they knew what hit them.And then it was over-almost as soon as it started. Seldon stood off to the side, atilt heavily on his cane, shaking at the thought of his narrow escape. Palver, blow slightly from exertion, surveyed the scene. The three attackers were out cold on the deserted walkway under the darkening dome.Come on, lets get out of here right away Palver urged again, only this time it was not the attackers they would be fleeing.Stettin, we c ant leave, protested Seldon. He gestured toward the unconscious manque muggers. Theyre really nothing more than children. They may be dying. How can we just walk away? Its inhumane-thats what it is-and humanity is exactly what Ive been working all these years to protect. Seldon soft on(p) the ground with his cane for emphasis and his eyes gleamed with conviction.Nonsense, retorted Palver. Whats inhumane is the way muggers like that prey on innocent citizens like you. Do you think theyd have given you a second thought? Theyd just as soon stick a knife in your gut to slide your last credit-and then kick you as they ran Theyll come to soon enough and slink away to lick their wounds. Or someone will find them and call the central office.But, Hari, you must think. After what happened last time, you stand to lose everything if youre linked to another lashing. Please, Hari, we must run With this, Palver grabbed Seldons arm and Seldon after a List backward glance, allowed himself to be l ed away.As the footsteps of the rapidly departing Seldon and Palver lessen in the distance, another figure emerged from his hiding place throne some trees. Chuckling to himself, the sullen-eyed youth muttered,Youre a fine one to tell me whats right and whats wrong, Professor. With that, he spun on his heel and headed off to summon the security officers.26 couch I will have order bellowed Judge Tejan Popjens Lih. The public sense of hearing of Professor Raven Seldon and his young associate, Stettin Palver, had generated a hue and cry among the rabble of Trantor. Here was the man who had predicted the Fall of the Empire, the decay of purification, who exhorted others to harken back to the sumptuous age of civility and order-here was he who, according to an eyewitness, had ordered the brutal beating of three young Trantorians for no apparent provocation. Ah yes, it promised to be a big hearing, one which would lead, no doubt, to an even more spectacular trial.The judge pressed a contact set into a recessed panel on her bench and a sonorous gong resounded through the packed motor inn. I will have order, she repeated to the now-hushed throng. If need be, the courtroom will be cleared. That is a warning. It will not be repeated.The judge stroke an imposing figure in her scarlet robe. Originally from the Outer World of Lystena, Lihs complexion had a slight bluish cast, which turned darker when she became exercised, practically purple when she was really angry. It was rumored that, for all her years on the bench, in spite of her reputation as a top judicial mind, notwithstanding her position as one of the most revered interpreters of empurpled law, Lih was ever so slightly egotistical about the colorful appearance she gave, the way in which the bright red robes set off her soft turquoise skin.Nevertheless, Lih had a reputation for coming down hard on those who brooked Imperial law she was one of the few judges left who upheld the civil code without waveri ng.I have heard of you, Professor Seldon, and your theories about our imminent destruction. And I have spoken with the magistrate who latterly heard another case in which you were involved, one in which you struck a man with your lead-filled cane. In that instance, too, you claimed to be the victim of assault. Your reasoning stemmed, I believe, from a previous unreported incident in which you and your son allegedly were assaulted by eight hoodlums. You were able to convince my esteemed colleague, Professor Seldon of your plea of self-defense, even though an eyewitness testified otherwise. This time, Professor, you will have to be much more convincing.The three hoodlums who were bringing charges against Seldon and Palver snickered in their seats at the plaintiffs table. They presented a much different appearance today than they had the evening of the attack. The young men were sporting clean loose-fitting unisuits the young lady was wearing a crisply pleated tunic. All in all, if on e didnt look (or listen) too closely, the three presented a reassuring picture of Trantorian youth.Seldons lawyer, Civ Novker (who was representing Palver as well), approached the bench. Your Honor, my client is an upstanding member of the Trantorian community. He is a former First Minister of stellar repute. He is a personal acquaintance of our Emperor Agis XIV. What possible benefit could Professor Seldon derive from attacking innocent young people? He is one of the most vocal proponents of stimulating the intellectual creativity of Trantorian youth-his Psychohistory Project employs many student volunteers he is a beloved member of the Streeling University faculty.Further- Here Novker paused, move his gaze around the packed courtroom, as if to say, Wait till you hear this-youll be ashamed that you ever for a second doubted the veracity of my clients claims, Professor Seldon is one of the very few private individuals officially allied with the esteemed Galactic Library. He has been granted unlimited use of Library facilities for work on what he calls the Encyclopedia Galactica, a veritable paean to Imperial purification.I ask you, how can this man even be questioned in such a matter?With a flourish of his arm, Novker gestured toward Seldon who was sitting at the defendants table with Stettin Palver, looking decidedly uncomfortable. Haris cheeks were flushed from the unaccustomed praise (after all, late his name was the subject of derisive snickers rather than flowery plaudits) and his hand shook slightly on the carved Dandle of his trusty cane.Judge Lih gazed down at Seldon clearly unimpressed. What benefit, indeed, Counselor. I have been asking myself that very question. Ive lain make these past nights, racking my brains for a plausible reason. Why should a man of Professor Seldons stature commit unprovoked assault and battery when he himself is one of our most outspoken critics of the so-called breakdown of civil order?And then it dawned on me. Perhap s, in his frustration at not being believed, Professor Seldon feels he must prove to the worlds that his predictions of doom and gloom really are coming to pass. After all, here is a man who has spent his built-in career foretelling the Fall of the Empire and all he can really point to are a few burned-out bulbs in the dome, an occasional glitch in public transport, a budget cut here or there-nothing very dramatic. But an attack-or two or three-now, that would be something.Lih sat back and folded her hands in front of her, a cheerful expression on her face. Seldon stood, leaning heavily on the table for support. With great effort, he approached the bench, waving off his lawyer, walking headlong into the steely gaze of the judge.Your Honor, please permit me to say a few words in my defense.Of course, Professor Seldon. After all, this is not a trial, only a hearing to air all allegations, facts, and theories pertinent to the** case before deciding whether or not to go ahead with a t rial. I have notwithstanding expressed a theory I am most kindle to hear what you have to say.Seldon cleared his throat before beginning. I have devoted my life to the Empire. I have faithfully served the Emperors. My science of psychohistory, rather than being a harbinger of destruction, is intended to be used as an agent for rejuvenation. With it we can be prepared for whatever course civilization takes. If, as I believe, the Empire continues to break down, psychohistory will help us put into place building blocks for a new and better civilization founded on all that is good from the old. I love our worlds, our peoples, our Empire-what would it behoove me to change to the lawlessness that saps its strength daily?I can say no more. You must believe me. I, a man of intellect, of equations, of science-I am speaking from my heart. Seldon turned and made his way slowly back to his chair beside Palver. Before sitting, his eyes sought Wanda, sitting in the spectators gallery. She smil ed wanly and winked at him.From the heart or not, Professor Seldon, this decision will require much thought on my part. We have heard from your accusers we have heard from you and Mr. Palver. There is one more party whose testimony I need. Id like to hear from Rial Nevas, who has come forward as an eyewitness to this incident.As Nevas approached the bench, Seldon and Palver looked at each other in alarm. It was the boy whom Hari had admonished just before the attack.Lih was asking the youth a question. Would you describe, Mr. Nevas, exactly what you witnessed on the night in question?Well, started Nevas, fixing Seldon with his sullen stare, I was walkin along, mindin my own business, when I saw those two,-he turned and pointed at Seldon and Palver-on the other side of the walkway, comin toward me. And then I saw those three kids. (Another point of the finger, this time toward the three sitting at the plaintiffs table.) The two older guys were walkin behind the kids. They didnt see m e, though, on account of I was on the other side of the walkway and besides, they were concentratin on their victims. Then wham Just like that, that old guy swings at em with his stick, then the younger guy jumps em and kicks em and before you know it, theyre all down on the ground. Then the old guy and his pal, they just took off, just like that. I couldnt believe it.Thats a lie Seldon exploded. spring chicken man, youre playing with our lives here Nevas only stared back at Seldon impassively.Judge, Seldon implored, cant you see that he is lying? I remember this fellow. I scolded him for littering just minutes before we were attacked. I pointed it out to Stettin as another instance of the breakdown of our society, the numbness of the citizenry, the-Enough, Professor Seldon, commanded the judge. Another outburst like that and I will have you ejected from this courtroom. Now, Mr. Nevas, she said, turning back to the witness. What did you do throughout the sequence of events you jus t draw?I, uh, I hid. Behind some trees. I hid. I was afraid theyd come after me if they saw me, so I hid. And when they were gone, well, I ran and called the security officers.Nevas had started to labor and he inserted a finger into the constricting collar of his unisuit. He fidgeted, change his weight from one foot to the other as he stood on the raised speakers platform. He was uncomfortably aware of the crowds eyes upon him he tried to avoid looking into the audience, but each time he did, he found himself drawn to the **toady gaze of a pretty light-haired girl sitting in the first row. It was as if she was asking him a question, pressing him for an answer, willing him to **peak.Mr. Nevas, what do you have to say about Professor Seldons allegation that he and Mr. Palver did see you prior to the attack, that the professor actually change words with you?Well, uh, no, you see, it was just like I said I was walkin along and- And now Nevas looked over at Seldons table. Seldon loo ked at the young man sadly, as if he realized all was lost. But Seldons companion, Stettin Palver, turned a boisterous gaze on Nevas and Nevas jumped, startled, at the words he heard give out the truth It was as if Palver had spoken, but Palvers lips hadnt moved. And then, confused, Nevas snapped his head in the direction of the sandy girl he thought he heard her speak-Tell the truth-but her lips were still as well.Mr. Nevas, Mr. Nevas, the judges voice broke in on the youths jumbled thoughts. Mr. Nevas, if Professor Seldon and Mr. Palver were walking toward you, behind the three plaintiffs, how is it that you noticed Seldon and Palver first? That is how you put it in your statement, is it not?Nevas glanced around the courtroom wildly. He couldnt seem to escape the eyes, all the eyes screaming at him to Tell the truth Looking over at Hari Seldon, Rial Nevas said simply, Im sorry and, to the amazement of the entire courtroom assemblage, the fourteen-year-old boy started to cry.

American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties wedding more commonly known as the ACLU is one of the most with child(p) advocacy groups in contemporary American society. The ACLU is a non-profit and non-partisan system found in New York.ACLUs primary advocacy has always been the guard of the constitutional rights of US Citizens. Moreover, it is part of the ACLUs mission to extend those rights to demographics which induce been traditionally denied the same constitutional rights as the average American citizen.These groups intromit Native Americans, the poor, transsexual and transgender people, and prisoners to name a few. The major activities of the ACLU in move its advocacy include community education efforts, lobbying for want legislation as wholesome as supporting litigation which seeks to establish protection for civilised rights (About Us).HistoryThe ACLU can trace its roots to World state of war I. A forerunner of the ACLU, the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM), was established in 1914 to negate American entry into the war. With the eventual entry of America into World state of war I, Crystal Eastman, the executive secretary of the AUAM together with Roger Baldwin, a social worker, founded a Bureau of Conscientious Objectors.The Bureau worked to oppose the draft as well as to advise conscientious objectors. In 1917, the AUAM created a new autonomous organization the National Civil Liberties Bureau. Eastman and Baldwin then shifted their focus on the NCLB aft(prenominal) which the AUAM folded soon after (The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1950 Finding Aid).Baldwin continued his opposition to the draft, himself by design violating the Selective Service Act which resulted in his imprisonment in 1918. Upon bend from prison, Baldwin helped establish the ACLU in January 19, 1920.Unlike the NCLB, the ACLU was established as a permanent organization which shall live on even after the war. At the time of the ACLUs founding, the US Supreme Court has failed to uph old even a ace free speech claim. The infant ACLU quickly got itself involved in remarkable cases such as Sacco & Vanzetti, the Scopes Trial and the Scottsboro boys (Cottrell).The early ACLU concentrated on rubbish the causes of the labor movement, believing that advancing labor causes would result in their desired changes in society. During the 1920s most of ACLU funding came from Albert Desilver, another founding particle of the ACLU and the Garland Fund.Media mileage during the Tennessee Scopes Trial helped the ACLU gain reputation and raise bullion for its efforts (The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1950 Finding Aid).

American Government: 21st Amendment

The twenty start article of amendment to the U. S. Constitution was the result of mankind disagreement to constitutional amendments, era the Supreme Court had played the role of subject matter mediator. The run wry shadows of the 18th Amendment began to fade out with the coming of the Great Depression, as, the alcohol utilisation was reduced, only when not erased, and, at the like time, bootlegging had reached its peak. The national bar of alcohol has endured for only 14 years and was, finally, ratified by the legislators and 36 secernates on December 5, 1933.The 21st Amendment has framed sale and manufacture of particle alcohol within the state, excluding transportation and importation of liquors. The history of the U. S. court notes collar cases, involving the 21st amendment though, n single of them was clearly based on the article. Craig v. Boren (No. 75-628) was the appeal from the joined States district court for the Western district of Oklahoma. Appellant Craig clai med that a rear endon of Oklahoma stood for discrimination based on gender, prohibiting the sale of nonintoxicating 3. 2% beer to males to a lower place the age of 21 and to females under the age of 18 (1976 US, 429 U.S. 190, I). Appellant blanching agent took a side of equal protection challenge, because, as a license vendor of grain alcohol, she could quit her business or pay spicy penalties if she obeys or disobeys the statute of the state accordingly. To support the claim, appellants provided statistical data, proving that 18-20-year males are more than likely to be arrested for drunk driving, be killed, injured, and inclined to drink than females of the same age. Males were prohibited to purchase intoxicating liquors, yet, were allowed (anything that is not prohibited, is allowed) to drink them.The data showed that public dearty had to be protected from such(prenominal) incidents and crashes. Concluding all tell above, Craig highlighted the violation of the Equal Prot ection Clause and was seeking for resolution of such a controversy. On the other hand, Boren, the governor of Oklahoma, rendered statistics, which showed only that . 18% of females and 2% of males in the 18-20-year-old age group were arrested for American Government 21st Amendment pageboy2driving while under the influence of liquor (1976 US, 429 U. S. 190, II C). In such a way, the appellants data claimed to be invalid. Boren had not border aside the Craigs statistical evidence yet, rated it as insufficient in determining the key factors of traffic safety The statistics exhibit a class of other shortcomings that seriously impugn their value to equal protection compendium and make no effort to relate findings to age-sex differential (1976 US, 429 U.S. 190, II C). For that reason, the results can hardly prove the ratio between gender/age and drinking/driving. The decision of the court was as follows the difference between males and females of 18-20-year period had violated the E qual Protection Clause and, therefore, discriminated males by Oklahomas 3. 2% beer statutory scheme. Finally, the judgment of the District Court was reversed. The 21st Amendment bound the motion of the Commerce Clause.The court assumed that the Twenty-first amendment strengthened the States police powers with respect to alcohol regulation (1976 US, 429 U. S. 190, II D). Nevertheless, Oklahomas discrimination against males violated the 14th Amendment, while the text of the 21st one had nothing to deal with individual rights of US citizens. While most of Americans followed the dry law, the activists of individual freedom were weaving the threads of nationwide hazard, coming from pursuit of moral values.On the other hand, bootleggers knocked a fortune during the Prohibition and governments could not put down the chance to increase public revenues. The 21st Amendment had granted a safe and structured marketplace for US citizens and empowered states to regulate sale of alcohol, but le galized a widespread alcohol production, distribution and consumption within the states.However, the states legislative and regulatory authority, given by the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution, is a core factor of alcohol control and retailing. Bibliography 1. The Constitution of the joined States, Amendment 21. 2. U. S. Supreme Court. Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 1970. Online. The Oklahoma State Courts Network. Internet. 15 March, 2007. Available http//www. oscn. net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument. asp? CiteID=430201

Examine how Shakespeare presents the female characters Essay

shew how Shakespeare presents the female characters in critical point and what the response of a ultramodern mean solar day audience might be to this aspect of the wanton away. As Hamlet was coif in the Elizabethan period it is necessary to consider the portrayal of fair sex in the play as a comparison with women in a modern day society. Similarly to most literature written during this period, Hamlet conveys womens lower consideration to men. This ass be approximation of as the stereotypical view in Elizabethan society. We know that women were non nonetheless able to act in plays and that young men had to play the part of women. matchless of the principal(prenominal) ways we whitethorn interpret the portrayal of charwoman is through the language, and in some cases stage directions of sundry(a) characters, in various scenes. It may be true to say that the characters of Ophelia and Gertrude are portrayed as weak and submissive, this is seen by men as well as themselves . They can be seen to be merely driving factors of the play rather than main elements such as Hamlet. It may also be suggested that due to these facts, the play Hamlet may be written differently if written today, in terms of language, in order to suit a modern day audience.It can be argued that the way Shakespeare has presented women, reflecting society in the Elizabethan period, may not be acceptable in todays society. One of the principle aspects to consider is how female characters are portrayed and therefore tough by others in the play. Ophelia is an interesting character, and it is important to explore her races, her language, and also her stopping point prior to concluding her portrayal. This may be noticed in her relationship with the men in her family.In Act one, the relationship shared mingled with Polonius, Laertes and Ophelia may be compared. When looking at Polonius relationship with his daughter it may be noticed that he is not quite as willing to give in to her wi shes. Instead he gives her strenuous ensamples about how to transport in relation to Hamlet. Do not believe his vows, for they are brokers, Polonius tells Ophelia not to believe what Hamlet says to her. . However, he does show his concern for her, because he is warning her to be very careful in this business.Polonius forbids Ophelia to associate herself with Hamlet, telling her that he is deceiving in his declaration of love. It is extremely doubtful that he is simply doing this to disown her of what she wants however the audience becomes aware of the domination and power he has everywhere his daughter. Another view is that daughters were merely supposed to bring fortune and abide by to the family and that Polonius may have been more concerned about his reputation, rather than the happiness of his daughter.Ophelia dutifully obeys her father, responding minimally with I shall obey, my lord. This type of attitude was thought of as normal in the Elizabethan times. It must also be noticed that the protective role of a father over his daughter, and a brother over his sister would not be thought of as abnormal in todays society. It is the extent to which this protectiveness is present, and the fact that Ophelia shows no intention to disobey their wishes, that would both surprise and amaze a modern day audience.The extent of domination, particularly over a daughters personal matters such as marriage would be normal in Elizabethan times. However, similar to today, a father would not be as protective over his son as he would over his daughter. primarily in Act 1, Laertes warns Ophelia about Hamlets love, describing it almost as youthful infatuation. He explains to her that as Hamlet is a prince he cannot choose his own wife and must marry in the interest of the state.Again, this type of advice and awareness of status would not be criticised by a modern day audience. Laertes get along is indeed blunt, and Ophelia is told directly not to be so foolish as to trus t the Prince outright. Ophelia says that she will keep his advice as a watchman secretive to her heart I shall theffect of this good lesson keep as a watchman to my heart. She hints to him that he should not give her advice that he does not follow himself. show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, himself the primrose path of dalliance treads.

English Settlement/Religious Tolerance Essay

The proto(prenominal) slope settlers in the joined States were driven to establish a new society in the sunrise(prenominal) arena mainly for freedom of holiness. During the 17th century, many European separatists want for a new land to establish a colony. They settled into the modern World where they can practice their worships freely. The Pilgrims are the first settlers arrived in the Plymouth dependency (Plymouth, Massachusetts). Since the political cloud of forbidding the kind of religion the pilgrims practice in the East Midlands of England (Netherlands), the ghostlike worshippers was forced to settle outside their home (New World).The pilgrims lay a voyage from the English investors to travel in the New World, establishing a new colony in North America. During their settlement in Plymouth, the early pilgrims experienced starvation, disasters and diseases. The pilgrims also experienced internal conflicts with the indigenous mint. In 1607 and 1620, the English settlers were successful in establishing new colonies in united States, piletown, Virginia. It was through the Pilgrim Fathers which nigh of the United States culture has been derived.The Thanksgiving occasion, started from the early festivity of the pilgrims to give thank for the things that one has at the conclusion of the harvest season (English Settlements 2007). The State church During the (series of) settlements in the New World, England permitted only one church. Everyone was required to attend that church if the English pattern is a protestant, then its citizens must be for each one protestant. The state church describes the government directs dictation of the kingdoms religion (Cline 1). There was no freedom of religion in England in which, the swayer and the archbishop direct orders to every church in the kingdom.In return, any objections, questions and protests against the ruler and the state church, they were arrested, imprisoned and in extreme cases, killed. In those da ys, many people were tortured to give-up their religion, many died. Two major groups of believers (Puritan and separatist) protested with the beliefs and practices of the state church. Puritan treasured reside in the church but wanted to reform its structure. Separatist wanted a total change in the state church. When James I (a Protestant and a Separatist) in the 1600s became the English ruler, opposed religious views was not permitted under the new king.Religious Tolerance In the United States (historically), religious toleration is permitted. Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Quakers in Pennsylvania, and papistical Catholic settling in Maryland. In the New World, religious groups accept different(a) forms of worship even they do not believed in it. The country does not persecute people from worshipping other beliefs aside from the state religion. Separatist unlike in the Anglican Church (Church of England), separatist/pilgrims wanted to worship in a simple manner without any rit uals. They believed there are so many things that must be changed in the Anglican Church.Therefore, the only accomplishable way they can satisfy their beliefs is to separate from the Church of England. They consider other points of view, decide through the majority and believe in equal rights and responsibilities of each separatist. Their religion reflects the present democratic system of government practice in the United States. During their arrival in North America, the pilgrims were warmhearted, munificent, considerate and kind to the American Indians. In establishing their colony in Plymouth, they encourage the American Indians to settle in their colony.In return, the Indians help the early English (pilgrims) settlers on how to strive in the changing environment in that (Plymouth) place. The Indians taught the settlers how to hunt food, live in the nippy environment of Plymouth and treat near of the illness present in the place. The pilgrims in return taught the Indians how t o read, write, taught the English literatures, art, science and their religion (The Pilgrims 2007). Puritans Like the Pilgrims, puritans settled in Americas. They established a colony with schools, hospitals, government and churches.Puritans considered religion as mingled and cerebral. Their form of government reflects authoritarianism. Unlike the pilgrims where they equally treat each individual, the puritans look at a hierarchical perspective. They encourage the importance of education among children. Quakers The religious order of magnitude of Friends was a sect branching from Christianity. Like the other sects of Roman Catholic, Quakers disagreed to some of the practices in the religion. They separate from the old traditional religion and arrived in the Americas want for freedom of religion.Quakers believed in religious tolerance (Religious Society of Friends (QUAKERS) Quaker story 2007). Roman Catholics Roman Catholics believed in religious tolerance. Like the pilgrims, ea rly Roman Catholics settling in England was force to establish a colony in the New World. Aside from gaining religious freedom in the New World the early Roman Catholics interests for economic opportunity and expansion of Christianity in Americas. The settlers were Spaniard colonists desire for wealth, in vision of conquering vast lands in Americas as vigorous as introducing Christian religion among the natives.

Laws of Manu vs Code of Hammurabi Essay

The Laws of Manu and The order of Hammurabi were some(prenominal) discovered docu ments of two different antediluvian patriarch civilizations. These documents basically told the raft of the civilizations what is expected of them and what will happen if they dont follow them. The Laws of Manu were the laws made for the race of India while the inscribe of Hammurabi were the laws made for the people of Babylon. Both the Laws of Manu and the Code of Hammurabi concentrated a majority on the aspects of marri climb on, family, and laws of the land. In my opinion, The Code of Hammurabi was harsher than The Laws of Manu.The Code of Hammurabi was for all the people no matter what cast they were classified in, even though slaves and women were closely treated like airscrew in all places at this time. The Code of Hammurabi was excessively made more than(prenominal) as what is morally right and to help maintain show in the civilizations while the Laws of Manu were made more on the g hostlike side and to check the people eternal life if they followed these laws. The Code of Hammurabi gave more of an if you dont follow these rules you will just die tone to it. The Code of Hammurabi was alike straight forward and to the point, while the Laws of Manu gave more detail.In the Laws of Manu they get in more depth of every aspect of peoples lives. In chapter two, number 57, it states, excessive eating is prejudicial to health, to fame, and to bliss in promised land it prevents the acquisition of spiritual merit, and is odious among men one ought, for the reasons, to avoid c atomic number 18fully. Thats telling people how much they should eat. The laws of Manu are basically telling people how to live their lives in every aspect and if you dont you wont give way eternal life. The laws withal have different rules establish on what caste the people are categorized into the higher(prenominal)er the caste, the more privileges.In Chapter five, number 32 it states, A Bra h valet de chambrea, having got rid of his body by one of those modes practiced the great sages is exalted in the world of Brahinan, degage from sorrow and fear. The laws promises if you obey these laws you will never feel every trouble oneself and just happiness. It also put all Brah domainas on a high pedestal and a lot of the laws do not apply to them. In Chapter 10, number 103, By teaching, by sacrificing for, and by accepting gifts from despicable (men) Brahmanas (in distress) aim not sin, for they (are as pure) as fire and water.The Laws of Manu has more religious mean behind it than, the Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi was made more to put order in the Babylonian civilization and it also is more straight forward. make up though it has religious reasons and was made by a very religious man, it was still mostly made to keep order in the civilization. The Code of Hammurabi even addresses how much things can be bought and sold for. Number 239, If a man hire a salor , he shall pay him six gur of edible corn per year, another example is number 243, As rent of perceive cattle he shall pay three gur of corn to the owner.The Code of Hammurabi also has more of a avenge seeking tone to it. Just in number one is the perfect example for people to get revenge. If any one enshare another, putting a ban upon him, hardly he cannot show it, thence he that ensured him shall be put to death. Another example of revenge is number 218, If an physician make a large incision with the operating(a) knife, and cut out the eye, his hands shall be cut off. This document for the most part was mostly a way to punish people or bring justice to the people.It also talks about going to approach and having cases to justify situations, for example number five, If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing if subsequently error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judges bench, and never again shall be publicly removed from the judges bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgment. This also goes to show that The Hammurabi Code punished anybody from doctors and lawyers, to women and slaves, your social class did not matter. astonishingly to me, they both had women rights in there as well. The Laws of Manu gave more freedom to women precisely yet the Code of Hammurabi gave women more protection. In number 130, If a man violates the wife of another man, who has never known a man, and still lives in her fathers house, and sleeps with her and be surprised, this man shall be put to death, but his wife is blameless. In the Laws of Manu, chapter eight, number 364 it states He who violates an unwilling maiden shall straightaway suffer corporal punishment but a man who enjoys a willing maiden shall not suffer corporal punishment, if his caste be the same as hers.Not only does th at show justice for women but gave women freedom to have casual sex and from the context clues of the Code of Hammurabi, it was bring down upon and not classy. Women still didnt live independent in both civilizations. Also, in both civilizations women were under fudge by a man from birth to death. Before marriage it is her father, during marriage it is her husband, and at old age it is her son(s). In the Laws of Manu, Chapter nine, number 14, Women do not care for beauty, nor is their attention doctor on age (thinking), (It is enough that) he is a man, they give themselves to the braggy and to the ugly.You can also tell that both societies take marriage and respectfulness serious. Unlike in this day and time, the wife gets nothing if divorce is approved. In the Code of Hammurabi number 141, If a mans wife, who lives in his house, wishes to provide it, plunges into debt, tries to ruin her house, neglects her husband, and is judicially convicted if her husband offer her release, she may go on her way, and he gives her nothing as a gift of release. If her husband does not wish to release her, and if he takes another wife, she shall remain as a servant in her husbands house. In the Laws of Manu it shows that the Indian auberge did not have age limits on marriage. In chapter nine, number 94, A man, aged thirty geezerhood, shall marry a maiden of twelve who pleases him, or a man of twenty-four a girl eight years of age if (the performance of) his duties would (otherwise) be impeded, (he must marry) sooner. Both documents were made to control people and both were harsh compared to what we know and live today. They both claim us of how life was back then and how time changes. Some things are still used in todays societies, like the how women should ceaselessly remain classy.In the Laws of Manu it states in chapter nine, number 13, Drinking (spirituous liquor), associating with wicked people, dissolution from the husband, rambling abroad, sleeping (at unse asonable hours), and dwelling in other mens houses, are the six causes of the ruin of women. Also in the Code of Hammurabi, number 110, If a sister of a god open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death. Even though they are from different places they still have the same concept and purposes.

Multi Tasking Madness

Digital native is a term use to describe a person who has grown up and been attached with the denseness of technology. In the article Multitasking Madness, the digital natives have been known with the talent of multitasking at which previous generations are surprised. The digital natives are able to do many tasks at the same time because they strengthen brain cells to trickle out specific activities. However, the question has been addressed How will headachees need to flip-flop to capitalize on the multitasking ability of the digital natives?In a few years later, the baby boomers will get retired, then businesses will supercede them with the younger generations, among them are digital natives who are lots better in multitasking than previous generations. Also, technology has rocketed since the mid of 90s, which requires businesses need to update and catch up with the rapid development of technology as a result, businesses have to estimate of hiring employees who are familiar wi th unsanded technologies and adapt them into establish efficiently.With those two reasons, business organizations must come up with hanges, such as creating a new organise environs in which the digital natives batch maximize their abilities, and allowing them to lay down in their personal time. Creating such a good work environment to capitalize the abilities of the digital natives is making them comfortable at work. Their work vault of heaven is no longer limited in a small cellular telephone but any place in the building so they dont touch sensation narrowed down in the small area. Also, they only need a thin slight laptop instead of a big separate desktop computer to carry around with them so that they can work anytime and anywhere.For example, as an accountant for a website security company, Im responsible for business proceedings between the company with our clients and vendors, having a laptop with me all the time, I speedily respond urgent inquiries from them whil e interacting with other employees on IM windows. Allowing the digital natives to work in their personal time is one of changes that businesses should consider too, such as providing them with access so that they can work at anywhere and anytime. For instance, they can work at home and still are able to cultivate care of their kids.Or as my situation, full-time employee and attend school as temporary student, to be able to catch up with school and work projects, a permission of working on my own time would be a great idea for me. Creating a work environment at the employment to capitalize the abilities of the digital natives is the best solution that business should consider because a company still hold the control of their employees, which is knowing if they show up for work and attend conferences and meetings frequently as requested. Businesses dont need to spend much money on office furniture and big flat cover song monitors.

Even Sigmund Freud participated Essay

Today the checkup sphere whitethorn offer us good examples of how the existing diversification of approaches and methods towards the give-and- mystify of plurality is related to the primordial shifts in our perception of the old problem of pay backing the connection in the midst of the serviceman body and the mind. In situation, on one hand c atomic number 18 for as such(prenominal) is on the fill up fundamental take an inherently conservative filed of knowledge and practice be elbow grease what is at billet for a doctor is often the real tender life, the value of which overthrows all manageable dubious methods of manipulation that may lead to the lack of supreme results, or stock-still to shun ones.On the other hand, as we atomic number 18 constantly learning new things close towhat such an intricate complex body mapping as the human body is, it becomes clear that phenomena that had been thought under(a)standable in concreteity have a much more comp licated nature, which dominates en large-scalement of existing scientific approaches, or nonetheless demands refusal from roughly of the handed-down medical examination examination postulates.To grasp challenges that arise from such shifts in our correspondence of mind-body connection we may consider perhaps besides extreme examples many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) schools of the alleged(prenominal) new-fangled Age medicinal drug which under the pretence of the break- by dint of knowledge all besides often advance simply untenable and absurd claims establish on mere speculations (Reisser, Reisser, and Wel gull, 1988, pp. 147-52), and the overly sceptical defenders of the traditional Western medicament who may tend to be too inflexible in their admission of the severity of alternative approaches to medical treatment of mass.More specifically, the matter of the influence of human mental processes on what has traditionally been considered stringently physiologi c dis ordinations is one of the virtually inflaming arouses of dis takements among the mentioned approaches. This tension that in one form or a nonher is ongoing between representatives of different medical camps to a large degree defines the new discourse of approaches to the medical treatment (Miller, 2003, pp. 185-187).In this regard, it would be interesting to virtually investigate the existing literature that represents the current adduce of affairs in the perception of the connection between the mind and the body. As a suitable object of our analysis may serve the take for written by Doctor of Medicine John E. Sarno, a professor of Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine at the New York University School of Medicine, and go to physician at the Howard A. Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine at the New York University Medical Center.His best-selling work The Mindbody Prescription better the Body, Healing the Pain belongs to the list of the most popular makes that highli ght begetternish and applicatory achievements in the field of psychoneurotic medicinal drug, a school of medicine which is based on the principle of unity of the mind and the body, and which aims to examine the weapons of the interdependency between emotions and corporeal functions and to promote psychological methods of medical c atomic number 18 (L howeverson, 2004, pp. 3-66).The combination of the academic approaches of the spring to the support of his material and the popularity of the book among lay people to whom it is for the most small-arm addressed suggests that on the example of this work we may judge the level of perceptivity of what could unanimously be perceived alternative medicine not long time ago into the modern medical discourse. With all this in mind, let us examine the volume of John E. Sarno in the scope of its connection as of a textbook of utilise psychoneurotic medicine with the modern medical paradigms.For this purpose, we leave briefly outline the history of psychosomatic medicine, then will try to link it with the book of Sarno, and in the chief(prenominal) body of the paper will provide the book accounting with germane(predicate) comments on the books contents. Background on psychosomatic medicine The origins of the psychosomatic medicine can be found in the teachings of primeval Western philosophers and physicians who acknowledge that emotions played an important role for the human headness (Cacioppo, 1989, p. 589).Still, the Western medicine has traditionally been more inclined towards the national of the moment of incarnate functions (Loudon, 1997, p. 238). However, by the middle of the nineteenth century the level of charge to the involvement of emotions in complaints development grew as the observational evidence was accumulating that had suggested that some disorders were not al commissions accompanied by organic affections (U. S. National depository library of Medicine, 2005).For example, and since the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries such a neurosis as hysteria began to be linked with turned on(p) agentive roles and the nervous system in general. until now Sigmund Freud participated in the study of symptoms of hysteria, and one of his conclusions was that they atomic number 18 based on memories linked to mental traumas which under certain mark offs may intrude in the processes of somatic innervation. In this way, a possible mechanism for the interaction between mind and body was offered that was reminiscent of mechanisms that Sarno would be describing in his book.The German psychoanalysts Georg Groddeck even went as far as claiming that psychological mechanisms engendering hysteria can be applied to all somatic diseases which from this target of thinking are the embodied manifestations of unconscious(p) mind mind psychological processes. In the 1930s psychoanalyst Franz Alexander assay to find a compromise between the Freudian supposition, such views as those of Groddeck, and existing knowledge of physiology.He was against overweeningly psychological interpretations that ignored the automaton worry mechanisms in the body that to a large degree directed aflame expressions. The theoretical basis developed by Alexander contri saveed in the fall in States to the invigorated extensive research of psychosomatic mechanisms, and psychosomatic medicine as a separate field of study was formed in 1939 when the medical journal dedicated to this branch of medicine was published. subsequently that time, psychosomatic medicine was only gaining momentum. For example, World War II spurred the interest to it referable to numerous manifestations of psychosomatic symptoms in soldiers. Eventually, by the 1950s interest to psychosomatic medicine and its scientific sufferground grew so much that its concepts entered the popular culture as media started to publish numerous articles and thus popularized psychosomatic theories (U.S. National Library o f Medicine, 2005). Now, truehearted forward to today, and we can witness that many of the postulates of psychosomatic medicine are already among the undisputed popular opinions of many people, and for instance the maxim that in order to stay healthy a person should avoid excessive stresses and worrisome emotional states is among the most frequently heard ones in twain media sources and in our everyday interaction.However, aft(prenominal) the surge of academic interest to it half(prenominal) a century ago, psychosomatic medicine, in contrast to its successful penetration into the public perception, somewhat lost momentum within scientific circles in the second half of the twentieth century (Kennedy, 2004, p. 400). So, it is in such chance that the book of John E. Sarno The Mindbody Prescription Healing the Body, Healing the Pain dictum the light of the day. The book of John E. Sarno in the larger social and historic contextThe Mindbody Prescription Healing the Body, Healing th e Pain builds upon themes from Sarnos preceding book Healing Back Pain The Mind-Body Connection that march on the liking that the seduce of back distress, business concern, slipped discs, and other inveterate forms of torture is real root in our psychology (Sarno, 1991). In The Mindbody Prescription Sarno adds new knowledge or so the psychology of emotionally stimulated physiologic manifestations, and elucidates how such emotions as raise, anxiety, guilt, and other negatively charged mental states can cause mental stimulation of negative somatogenic symptoms.Thus, in both of those books the precedent touches upon very urgent topics for the modern American society in which an increasing number of people are plagued by back, neck, or limb offend. In fact, this is a serious stinting problem as well, as industries in which large percentage of people are working at computers bear significant health damages burden due to a variety of similar disorders causing suffering, l ike fibromyalgia or repetitive stress injury (Sarno, 2005). More generally, suffer as such in its different forms is a crippling problem for many individuals in both their professional and private lives (Margoles, 1998, pp.9-32). So, The Mindbody Prescription addresses precisely this disturbing epidemic as it analyses clinical data to find the master(prenominal) cause of the pain disorders, and elaborates methods to treat those disorders. Importantly, in doing so the compose tries to fill the opening night existing in the traditional methods of continuing pain treatment that are apparently unable to stop this pain epidemic. From the very counterbalance of the primary(prenominal) body of the volume it becomes clear for a reader that the author adopts a holistic approach to his subject.More specifically, Sarno opens the beginning chapter of the book with construction of heterogeneous typical and stressful scenarios that in one form or another take place in lives of many of us and contrisolelye to chronic somatogenic pain that people experience. What is untypical, though, is that Sarno from the very beginning of the book begins to embroil our wariness to what could be considered as a minor fragment of those scenarios, scarcely what in reality, fit to the author, underlies the different manifestation of the pain disorders.This significant element is the factor of unconscious raise or outright rage that Sarno envisions as inevitably accompanying all of the scenarios that he delves in, like our troubles with private life, or within family, or career-related frustration, and many other different or that Sarno repeats in succession to bring home to us his case of unconscious mechanisms that pay off anger in so many people.Now, this initial attention to the emotional side of our life is in a good agreement with our above observations about the widely acknowledged role that our mind plays in our health, and the author as if resumes that the existence o f the definite connection between our emotional experiences and our bodily health is factual. But, judging from the way he begins his work, what we can expect from Sarno is the participation on the admit mechanisms that keep the mind-body connection running, especially as the author immediately claims that the disorders that he is about to discuss . . .are neither illnesses nor diseases, alone rather symptomatic states induced by the forefront to serve a psychological purpose (Sarno, 1998, p. 3). After all, while general public does not always bother to verify its views, practitioners of classical pathophysiology would surely expect unassailable support of any claim related to the emotional aspects of diseases and illnesses and to the connection between pain problems and stress. At the said(prenominal) time, having chosen the non-technical elbow room of presentation Sarno attaind the easiness of reading for common people whose pain-related problems are the actual target of the book.The building and the contents of the book The Mindbody Prescription consists of three move preceded by an protracted preface and an introduction that deals with a historical perspective of the books theme. The preface and the introduction of the book summarize theories and experience of Sarno with treatment of back pain and other types of musculoskeletal disturbances. Naturally, already in the opening parts of the work the emotional foundation of the pain is emphasized.In the end of the book we can find a positive appendix, which provides supportive citations for conclusions of Sarno, and a bibliography which refers to articles that covering fire physical and psychoanalytic issues related to chronic pain and its treatment. In the first part of the book Sarno reflects upon concepts underlying mind-body medicine, and exemplifies influences that physical stress and such psychological states as feeling of guilt, anxiety, depression, or personalizedity disorders have on th e meander of symptoms manifested in perseverings.Sarno categorizes the range of terrible symptoms that may arise due to psychological processes as belonging to what he terms Tension Myositis Syndrome (TMS), which is a painful condition that develops in the back, shoulders, neck, or buttocks, and may equally arise in other parts of the body, and which throughout the whole book would be the main object of study for the author.But before shifting to investigation of concrete instances of TMS-related maladies, in order to justify his principal claim that chronic pain symptoms are in reality a kind of a falsifying mechanism used by our brain to distract our attention from our unconscious emotions of anger, Sarno copiously refers to the prominent figures whom we have discussed Sigmund Freud, Franz Alexander, and some other defenders of the theory of psychoanalysis like Stanley Coen and Heinz Kohut.I gestate that this approach is beneficial as it helps readers assess the historical inheritance that underlies basic conceptions of the psychosomatic medicine, and thus provides a firmer pay for beliefs held by many people who have had successful experiences with psychosomatic approaches to treatment of illnesses. Aside from the references to important figures in the history of psychosomatic medicine, the first part of the book also elaborates a distinct and well-structured rendering of the concepts constituting the basic principles of mind-body interaction.In the process of such explanation the author mentions such fields of study and such medical and psychological notions as neurophysiology of psychogenic disturbances, problems of psychosomatic origin, and reactions of renewal (which is one of the types of interaction between the mind and the body when unconscious elements of human psyche intrude into somatic processes) (Sarno, 1998, pp. 173-174).Sarno also mentions the findings of Candace Pert, a neuroscientist who found opiate receptors in the human brain, and who greatly contributed to the growth of our knowledge of links between biochemical processes in the brain and physiological phenomena. In this way, Sarno anchors the theme of his book in the history of psychosomatic medicine, and, even though he is mentioning some composition concepts that may be critically perceived by adherents of traditional pathophysiology, the style of Sarongs presentation is lucid and definitely absorbing.All in all, the first part of the book serves as a bridge between the general reciprocation of the psychological mechanisms of emotional influence on physical disorders and more expatiate investigation of psychoneurophysiology that underlies psychogenic processes. In the second part of the book Sarno closely examines his clinical experience with emotionally caused physical disorders, and is primarily partakeed with various(a) manifestations of TMS and with the possibility to extend his theory of the mechanisms of TMS emergence to other diseases and illnesses.In fact, many of the clinical problems that he examines have already been known to have a connection to stress, which either produces them, or aggravates their effects. However, what makes the work of Sarno special is his approach to explanation of these disease states from the point of view of unconscious working of suppress anger and rage. To prove his case, Sarno has combined physical medicine with psychoanalytic theory in order to give what he believes is a prudish draw for TMS, which, harmonize to his practice, is the main cause of musculoskeletal and back pain.For Sarno, the origin of painful manifestations of TMS lies in keep down emotions. And the pain in various parts of body as such is theorized by the author as existence caused by a diminution of filiation point to the corresponding tissues. This process of blood flow reduction is mediated via the autonomic system as a stressful reaction of brain to repressed emotions. We may chart the TMS pathophysiolog y in the avocation way The formation of unconscious repressed emotions (anger/rage) ? Abnormal patterns of autonomic systems activity ? Decrease of the level of local blood circulation ? maturement of mild oxygen deprivation ? The resulting pain in vigours and other possible symptoms (for example pain in tendons, tingling, numbness, weakness). Having established such a mechanism of the emergence of pain, Sarno surmises that this approach from the TMS formation theory can as well be applied not only for the fixed number of cases of muscle and back pain, but to a wider range of physical disturbances. In this light, Sarno in front pointed out that in a 1975 survey it had been found that 88 per cent of patients with TMS had histories of up to five common mindbody disorders (Sarno, 1998, p.29). And, indeed, Sarno manages to extend his theory of the emergence of pain disorders to megrim, to such various conditions as carpal tunnel syndrome, fibromyalgia, colitis, peptic ulcer, post-po lio syndrome, infections, scrape up disorders, and even to more unusual instances like the chronic pain that accompanies Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria transmitted through ticks. The author also mentions disorders in which emotions world power be involved, among which are atherosclerosis, hypertension, one of the most common heart problems termed mitral valve prolapse, and even cancer.Of course, with such a broad scope of concern at hand Sarno has to offer an adequate methodology for unambiguous diagnosing of emotionally induced pain. For this purpose, his requirement is that the TMS diagnosis can be ascribed to a patient only if traditional physical exam failed to uncover existing abnormalities. However, gibe to the author, even in the forepart of an abnormality TMS still can be working in a patient and exasperate the pain to the high level than the found abnormality itself would be capable of.In the leash part of the book Sarno discusses approaches that may effect ively treat TMS and related physical disturbances. From what we have observed before it should already become clear that Sarno fundamentally assigns to the pain the function of a defense reaction that aims to run around our pick uping from the need to face repressed anger or other impossible forms of emotional strain. On ground of this, as the only possible way of treatment of the real cause of TMS symptoms Sarno postulates the examination of the physical origins of repressed negative emotions as the way for the deliverance from pain.Generally speaking, a person has to find ways to virtuoso out those harmful emotions and roots of the unconscious anger that are undermining his or her psychological well-being. And what also makes the theory of Sarno special is that, according to him, the mere acknowledgement of certain emotional concerns, and not of any bodily abnormalities, as the ground of the deteriorated physical state is in many cases already a sufficient condition for heali ng.One may not even have to remove the psychological problem itself in order to procure a visible clinical improvement. This contrasts with some of the New Age schools of psychotherapeutics that also associate unconscious repressed emotions with various maladies, but which require that before the healing can take place such unconscious problem spots must be dissolved, like is proposed, for instance, by the so-called primal therapy, a school of psychotherapy elaborated by psychologist Arthur Janov (Janov, 1999).For Sarno, the denomination of a problem is the main task for people suffering from emotionally induced physical disorders, and such identification can normally be implemented by means of an insightful self-examination, perhaps with the help of such techniques as meditation or self-affirmation (a method of compensation for the lowered self-consciousness in one area by consideration of ones proficiency in other areas (Sarno, 1998, p.22 Nezu and Nezu, 2004, pp. 182-188). In t his regard, from the point of view of Sarno it is also very important that a patient should have no doubts about the correctness of the TMS diagnosis, and that he or she fully realizes the exclusively psychosomatic origin of pain.To bolster this indispensable perception in patients, after the mentioned thorough physical examination needed for the elimination of possibility of the presence of real physical problems, Sarno accentuates the need to educate people and to assure them that the influence of repressed emotions is a sufficient condition for the reduction of the flow of blood to the touch on areas of the body which leads to the pain and other troublesome symptoms, which nevertheless should not be viewed by people as those inflicting permanent damage to the body.Even if some morphological abnormalities related to ordinary changes due to physical activity or aging are found, the patient should have a clear understanding of their nature. Basically, what is demanded from a patie nt is in no way the denial of the presence of the pain but rather the acceptance of its genuine origin. To help allege such an attitude to chronic pain, Sarno recommends to patients who know that they have no physiological abnormalities to suspend physical therapy and to return to normal physical activity.In appendix to that, patients should on the daily basis remind themselves the following points I only have a mild oxygen deprivation and not structural abnormalities my condition stems from repressed negative emotions and is not physically harmful TMS exists to divert my attention from emotions there is nothing to be afraid of for me the physical pain is not dangerous I will not allow pain to trouble and intimidated me I will change the object of my concern from pain to emotional experiences it is my conscious part that will have control, and not my subconscious mind I have to think about psychological aspects of my life, and not so much about physical. When such a situate of at titudes towards the role of ones unconscious emotional experiences and towards ones own body is obtained, Sarno believes that the brain that aims to contain the repressed emotions will no longer be able to fool us by drafting our attention to body. To illustrate how psychological relief may have a radical influence on the chronic pain, the author offers examples of some realistic cases. In one of such cases a patient knew about the most probable origin of her back pain but still did not have an improvement, and even had increased level of pain.According to Sarno, the worsening of the pain was brought about by the last efforts of the brain to keep hidden emotions unconscious, but when the feelings finally burst into the patients consciousness the pain, as if miraculously, went away. Sarno documents the account of this patient . . . in an instant, I started to cry. . . Out of control tears, anger, rage, desperate tears. And I heard myself saying things like, Please take care of me, I dont ever want to have to come out from under the covers, Im so afraid, please take care of me, dont hurt me, I want to cut my wrists, please let me die, I have to run away, I feel sick-and on and on, I couldnt stop . . . And as I cried, and as I verbalize these feelings, it was, literally, as if there was a channel, a pipeline, from my back and out through my eyes.I felt the pain almost pour out as I cried . . . I knew . . . that what I was feeling at that moment was what I felt as a child, when no one would or could take care of me . . . the feelings were there and they poured over me and out of me (Sarno, 1998, p. 13). However, as in order to get rid of pain we have to use our insight to understand its foundation, one may wonder that if the real cause of the pain is the repressed anger, how helpful psychotherapy may be in the healing of TMS symptoms? The author says The therapists to whom I refer patients are trained to help them explore the unconscious and become sensitive o f feelings that are buried there . . .When we become aware of these feelings . . . the physical symptoms . . . go away (Sarno, 1998, p. 161). Still, according to Sarno, the need for psychotherapy should not arise too often. The author reports numerous cases when people did away with pain simply after having read the book and having followed suggestions contained there. In fact, Sarno claims that the percentage of those who report the improvement of their condition is as high as 90-95 percent, and that many of his patients had been backup with physical disorders and pain for a large part of their lives and could not be treated by the traditional medical approaches. General critical observationsEven though the belief that emotions and stressful circumstances are related to physical conditions of people is today generally accepted, the extent to which Sarno emphasizes the role of psychological factors will nevertheless surely seem too extreme for many clinicians. Indeed, formally spea king, the author of The Mindbody Prescription gives some reasons to relate him to those practitioners who denounce the traditional medical approaches as outdated ones, as he says that . . . poor medical advice . . . keeps your attention riveted on your body, which is your brains intention (Sarno, 1998, p. 147), or that Modern medical science studies the details of maladies but rejects unconscious emotional processes as the cause (Sarno, 1998, p. 117).On the other hand, the effort of the author to extend the validity of his TMS theory to a range of disorders which in combination are shared by significant fractions of Western societies populations may also seem to be too ambitious and at the same time not sufficiently support according to strict scientific standards (Wilson, 1991). In this light, while Sarno rightfully remarks that . . . proper management of TMS and related disorders would alleviate much suffering and reduce the big cost of medical care that now burdens modern soci ety (Sarno, 1998, p. 126), he perhaps should also pay more attention to the fact that the mass of physicians still have doubts about the ability of psychological processes to cause chronic pain in the first place, and are more ready to agree that emotions may only aggravate physiological problems, but still in most cases should not be considered as their primary causes.In his turn, Sarno disputes that such processes as osteoarthritic changes and herniated vertebral discs are always the immediate sources of the pain and suggests that very often they may just be coincidentally present close to affected areas that due to emotional causes are deprived of oxygen. Such views pull ahead distantiate him from the conventional approaches to treatment of these disturbances. Moreover, Sarno insists that traditional medicine has no valid methods of TMS treatment because If you thwart that purpose by taking away the symptoms without dealing with its cause, the brain will simply find a substitut e symptom (Sarno, 1998, p. 39). In any case, despite the unconventional elements of his methods of treatment, Sarno has numerous adherents who attest to the practical pertinence and effectiveness of the theory of connection between psychological processes and manifestations of TMS.Therefore, I believe that even if Sarno is not able to provide a completely tried from the academic point of view account of the mind-body connection, he may be practically exploring the mechanisms of the human body that the fundamental science is only beginning to test experimentally (Brush, 2005, p. 259). For example, consider the recent finding related to the storied placebo effect in which it was again confirmed that such a purely psychological factor as our expectations has not only psychological but as well physical effects on health. But in this particular research a new variety of the placebo effect was found, actually a kind of an anti-placebo effect, as it turned out that . . .once Alzheimers d isease robs someone of the ability to expect that a proven painkiller will help them, it doesnt work nearly as well. . . (Neergaard, 2005). This fact testifies to the power of our psychology to intervene in the what might seem as purely physiological realm of our bodily functioning, and the data is being poised to prove that at least such a psychological factor as the placebo effect . . . actually is physical, and that expecting benefit can trigger the same neurological pathways of healing as real medication does (Neergaard, 2005). Now, this conclusion is in a perfect agreement with the principles underlying the theory of TMS origin advanced by Sarno.However, quite ironically, the specialists involved in the mentioned research were quick to point out that positive expectations arent a substitute for real medicine (Neergaard, 2005), which contradicts the reliance of Sarno on psychology as not only the cause of many physical disorders but at the same time as the only means of their healing. But I suppose that if Sarno produces an impression of being too confident in the self-sufficiency of his conclusions it could only mean that due to his extensive observational experience he may just be a little bit ahead of the vanguard of the mainstream medical science. And, after all, if we want to find what unites Sarno with the conservative part of the medical establishment it is his traditional recommendation for his patients to resume full activities of daily life, including physical exercises. Critical observations about Sarnos view of migraine as an equivalent of TMSWhile Sarno devotes a large portion of his book to back pain, among other painful physical disturbances related to mechanisms that lead to TMS he mentions migraine, which is a very common condition that causes headaches, and physiological mechanisms of which are currently quite poorly understood (Cochran, 2004, p. 156). Sarno confesses his personal experience with migraine as he had had this condition f or quite a long time before he was introduced to medical research which suggested that migraine headache was the result of repressed anger (Sarno, 1998, p. 111). As he was already amassing evidence in support of the significant influence of psychological factors on many widespread medical problems, he was inclined to test that idea.After trying to find out what anger that he could be reduce was causing his migraine, Sarno allegedly got rid of migraine headaches for the rest of his life. However, he himself acknowledged that some symptoms of migraine still continue to happen to him, which brings us to a question whether the method of the author of the book can be applied without reserve to all the types of chronic pains that seem to have no accompanying physical abnormalities. Indeed, it may be that our lack of understanding of the causes of migraine simply leaves us ignorant of possible physiological mechanisms that underlie it, and even though approaches borrowed from TMS treatmen t may often be effective for removal of painful symptoms, purely psychological vision of the migraine origins may continue from us its genuine cause.Besides, it may be somewhat alarming that the definition of migraine that Sarno advances is different from the one offered for example by the National megrim Association. Sarno says that migraine is supposed to arise from . . . sudden constriction of a single blood vessel within the substance of the brain (Sarno, 1999, p. 111), while on the website of the National hemicrania Association it is stated that Migraine is disease, a headache is only a symptom. Migraine pain is caused by vasodilation in the cranial blood vessels (expansion of the blood vessels), while headache pain is caused by vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels). During a migraine, inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain, i. e., neurogenic inflammation, exacerbates the pain (Coleman and Burchfield, 2006). Therefore, at least in the case of migraines it seems warranted to say that physiological mechanisms may be working to produce migraine independently from psychological processes, and that without knowing the exact causes and possible consequences of migraine-related tissue inflammation it is perhaps risky to adopt a strategy of assuring oneself that the pain is not physically harmful. The National Migraine Association again confirms this worry by pointing out that The Migraine disease is a serious health and disability problem that affects approximately 11 to 18 million Americans .

Turning Around Malaysia Airlines

12 Nur Ain Binti Muhammad Yusuf Turning ascendly Malaysia airways Turning Around Malaysia Airlines Table of Content NO TITLE rascal 1. 0 Executive Summary 1 2. 0 Introduction to showcase Study 1 3. 0 BTP1 Assessment 1 3. 1 monetary compend 1 3. 2 SWOT Analysis (BTP1) 2 3. 3 BTP1 reverting Analysis 2 4. 0 BTP2 Assessment 3 5. 0 Bottlenecks & Recommendation 3 6. 0 References 4 7. 0 Appendices 5 1. 0 Executive Summary Malaysia Airlines (abbreviated MAS), is the government activity-owned flag carrier of Malaysia.Due to fuel price hiking, uneffective management, global economic crisis, government intervention and low load factor, MAS suffers real(a) loss which peaks during 2005. Afterward, Tan Sri Idris Jala was brought into MAS strategizing for turnaround program to bring MAS back to profit. The briny target for short letter Turnaround 1 (BTP1) is for profit turnaround of 1. 1 Billion improvements in 2006 express 1. 1. MAS proposes plan to tackle on the pecuniary aspect, as well as non fiscal aspect such as ope rational, enriching stakeholders bonding, increasing customers determine as well as for people.Several decision make includes selling off headquarters, increasing fares, cutting-off unprofitable routes (Exhibit 1. 9) and rough-cut Separation shunning to enhance its fiscal. Firefly and MasWings are launched to cater domestic flights. BTP1 proved to be a supremacy and subsequently, BTP2 follows. BTP2 focuses on detailed project and procedure to enchant on the mastery of BTP 1. 2. 0Introduction to Case Study This report will talk of and analyze the positioning of Malaysia Airlines.The key objectives are to identify the current commercialise situation as well as analyzing the Business Turnaround send off 1 and Business Turnaround Plan 2 and its success or failure as well as providing some recommendation for next sustainability. 3. 0Assessment on Business Turnaround Plan 1 (BTP1) 3. 1Financial Analysis During the murder of BTP1 (2006 &20 07), the direct profit recorded high. Based on the computation of MAS ratio as shown in Exhibit 1. 2, BTP1 period shows a favorable ratio as compared to other year. Based on efficiency ratio, there is rum increase in the ratio in 2006.It measures how effectively the firm is managing its assets in generating the sales, and it is referable to increase in operating profit. The gearing ratio as per Exhibit 1. 5 show a slight dipped in 2006, however recovers in 2007 due to sale of the headquarters building. Exhibit 1. 7 favors greatly to MAS as the cash flows increase in 2006 and 2007 show near 4 million of cash flows due to issues of shares and selling off the building. Overall, financial analysis during BTP1 period shows favorable impact financially to MAS, however does not improves continuously during period in which BTP2 commence. . 2SWOT Analysis (BTP1) Strength By initiating Mutual Separation Scheme, it emphasis on increasing staff efficiency, cutting implement routes leads to a focus on divine services and network structures that were profitable. The intention to widen with MasWings and Firefly promotes large scope for market. Weaknesses The BTP1 initiative focuses on the financial aspect, since they lay down to recover from massive losses previously. The extreme cost reduction top executive impact the service indirectly, or being too financial-focus, BTP1 merely accepted the non financial aspect.The decision also largely attrisolelyed to gaining quick cash to work up the liquidity problems ie from the selling off the building. Whilst it squirt become their advantage, but by diversifying, because MAS itself in a shaky farming, thus by diversifying, it overleap focus as well as imposing larger operating cost for MAS as a whole. Opportunity Connell (2006) comments that medical tourism has been a success in Asia especially and has prompted global interest, with the increasing in gross domestic product worldwide including Malaysia, as well as emergi ng worldwide captivation with travelling, thus it can be taken as a mechanism for Malaysia Airlines to expand their customer.This BTP1 plan can become the turnaround aspect financially and non-financially. Threat Even AirAsia is seen as Mas biggest threat, however, seeing that how both of these airlines promotes entirely unlike packages and offerings, Mas deemed these few obstacles as their main threat, which is the volatility of fuel price due to Iraq invasion by US, staff resistance of given plan and government intervention in setting up boundaries for the CEO to act wherefore to what they thinks fit. 3. 3BTP1 Turnaround AnalysisBTP1 Turnaround Analysis will be done base on the core strategies in which BTP1 proposed (in which two important aspects are save elaborated). First is by financing and aligning the business on the Income Statement. As per financial analysis above mentioned, MAS shows remarkable transformation during this phase. Based on Exhibit 1. 1 the actual perfor mance supersedes the project plan projected a year ahead of time. This is a success due to fares increment, excrement of unprofitable routes and increase in efficiency.Other core strategy is flying to captivate customer and by observing and studying the non-financial aspect during the implementation of BTP1, they conform to in maintaining the customers value. This resulted in MAS receiving 11 non financial-awards during this phase including 5-Star Airline Award, 2006 and 2007 from Skytrax, Best Airline to Asia, 2006, Travel Weekly Globe Award and numerous cabin service awards from Skytrax, Readers Digest and so on. They also encourage mastering operational purity by increasing employees value and efficiency, Unleashing Talents & Capabilities and winning coalition.While it is based on value judgment and rather subjective, however it is proven to be a success referring to relevant articles, audited financial statement and to some extent word of mouth by former and existing employ ee. The efficiency increases as well and can be observed by some of the decision made by Tan Sri Idris Jala which by reducing unprofitable routes, selling of the building in Jalan Raja Chulan, and drastic cost reduction scheme. 4. 0Assessment on Business Turnaround Plan 2 (BTP2)As per financial analysis, most analysis shows an unfavorable financial state during the implementation of BTP2. BTP2 is a more comprehensive, step to step readying in conjunction with the success of BTP1. Referring to Exhibit 1. 10, BTP2 strategize on Breaking brisk Ground (BNG), Gaining New Business (GNB) and Making The Most (MTM). With the current state of Malaysia Airlines and from the analysis gathered financially and non-financially, BTP2 make slight downturn from the success of its previous predecessor. 5. 0Bottlenecks & RecommendationThere are many bottlenecks that lead to diminution of momentum for BTP2 including challenger with AirAsia, stepping down of Tan Sri Idris Jala as CEO, the diversificat ion effects, MAS internal culture and strategies done for(p) awry. In order to gain sustainability, the first is how to capture customer. MAS has been underperform financially due to stagnant and average load factor which in turns profess RRPK & RASK example exhibit 1. 8. Thus, in order to capture the market, MAS have to strategically plan for its marketing approach to attract broader customer and thus larger scale promotion need to be made.They also should assess the hands requirement and sell unnecessary asset. 6. 0Reference 1. Malaysia Airlines Business Turnaround Plan (PDF). Malaysia Airlines 2. Malaysia Airlines Business Transformation Plan Project Mosaic. (PDF) Malaysia Airlines. 3. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines 4. http//www. flightglobal. com/news/articles/idris-jala-transforming-malaysia-airlines-222296/ 5. http//sakmongkol. blogspot. com/2011/08/mas-turnaround-was-real-debate. html 7. 0Appendices Exhibit 1. 1Projected Profits BTP1 Exhibit 1. 2Table of r atio from 2003- 2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Current ratio 1. 04 1. 18 0. 81 0. 74 1. 42 1. 38 Acid-test ratio 0. 92 1. 08 0. 70 0. 67 1. 35 1. 31 Fixed assets turnover 3. 53 3. 59 3. 09 4. 03 5. 59 4. 55 Debt ratio 0. 55 0. 54 0. 68 0. 73 0. 61 0. 49 Gross profit valuation account -0. 0067 0. 0003 -0. 1670 -0. 0486 0. 0186 -0. 0108 Operating profit margin 0. 056 0. 041 -0. 143 -0. 003 0. 061 0. 022 Net profit margin 0. 039 0. 054 -0. 143 -0. 010 0. 006 0. 016 Exhibit 1. 3Liquidity Ratio Exhibit 1. 4Efficiency Ratio Exhibit 1. 5Debt Ratio Exhibit 1. 6Profitability Ratio Exhibit 1. 7Cash Flow Analysis Exhibit 1. 8Performance Analysis

Performance Appraisal Essay

approximation is a procedure by which an ecesis assesses employee public presentation based on present standards . The main purpose of approximations is to support managers efficaciously, rung companies and deal with homophile resources, and to develop power . Being part of an organization measurement lick, fulfillance approximations serve that purpose by demonstrate employees how to improve their death penalty, establish goals for employees and helping managers to evaluate subordinates efficiency and take actions associate to hiring, promotions, training, line design, compensation and terminations. In the last 30 years companies occasion the employee valuations not only for administrative purpose, but also for motivational and organizational planning purposes. The object of this paper is to understand and explain the role of human resources which to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to meet organizational goals in a company.Human Resources Mana gement deals with what potentiometer or should be done to make flexing tribe more effective and satisfied. In a few words, the management of human resources means that they must be recruited compensated,trained, and developed. It is HRMs responsibility to make job analysis (describe depart and personal requirements of a particular job), to communicate to the employees slaying standards (translate job requirements into levels of welcome / unacceptable public presentation) and to coordinate performance appraisal courses. Thus, all aspects of human resources managements argon critical to an organizations ability to adequately effectively tin a quality work force. In fact, performance appraisals argon a significant part of performance management system responsible for invention a work environment in which people can perform to the best of their abilities. Job descriptionThe focus in this paper is on presenting information about conducting a performance appraisal for a heap driver position. I choose this position because, good deal drivers be authoritative for our contemporaneous society which is in a continued development. This aspect implies the wishing of more connections between arrays, more transits and travel for people. It is indwelling that this action be done in the most safety and comfortable ways. The behaviour of severally hatful driver employee has to be evaluated and improved if it is necessarily. The training programs are the let on in helping drivers learn how to deal with difficult people and repress violence while on duty. Making a job analyse, quite a little driver is a position is responsible for transporting people from one place to another for work, errands, school, or other reasons. Takes fares from passengers, issues receipts, announces routes, and ensures passengers get out safety. Their primary winding responsibilities indicate transport people, operate good deal, and drive fix routes on a enumeration or on char tered trips. They obey traffic laws, stop often quantifys and check the bus tires, lights, and oil and other basic maintenance. They have to storey mechanical problems and accidents. May load and unload passengers luggage.A bus driver has to deal with unruly passengers, assist disabled ones and keep passengers informed of delays. motorcoach drivers are employed by urban transit system, elementary and subaltern schools and private transportation companies. According to Service Canada the job prospects in this communication channel is good having an annual average salary of 43,895. Thus, customer service skills are heavy because of the interaction with passengers. For a school bus driver is essential to ensure the safety of the children, whichmay include accompanying students across the roadway and providing first aid in emergencies. The following skills are very great for a bus driver active listening, functioning monitoring, social brainstorm being aware of others reactio ns and understanding why they react as they do, equipment maintenance, operation and control, reading comprehension, coordination, condemnation management, speaking, and critical thinking using reasoning to tell apart the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems. Performance appraisal methodMeasurement of bus driver performance starts with the evaluation of skills and effectiveness during and following the year of work. The primary objective of performance appraisal is to establish whether drivers are performing their job safely serving the customer adequately, and following work rules, policies, and procedures that ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Analyzing the above information and knowing the job description for a bus driver, the behaviorally anchored rating cuticle (BARS) would be a good method for performance appraisal. This method scales points and is defined by statements of effective and ineffective behaviours. It puts together the welfare the benefits of narratives, critical incidents and quantified scales by attaching a rating scale with specific behavioural examples of good or poor performance. It provides better appraisals than the other tools. The evaluator has to specify which behaviour on distributively scale describes an employees performance. For constructing the BARS process imply the generation of critical incidents the development of performance dimensions, the relocation of incidents, the scale of the incidents and the development of final instrument.Managers have a file folder for each employee, which can be hard copy or electronic. Critical incidents are important employee actions which help or hurt performance. The BARS is developed by a committee that includes both subordinates and managers. Thus, the main advantage of this method is that force play outside HR department join with HR staff in its development. Of course, the employees will have a greater acceptance of the pe rformance appraisal process and its measures. In the same time BARS requires considerable time and effort to develop it. Another disadvantage is that ascale intentional for one job might not apply another.For example, the BARS for a bus driver will contain the rating scale from 4 (exceeds expectations) to 1 (unsatisfactory) and its evaluation of safety, timeliness, student conduct, bus cleanliness and care, and attitude.Identification of appraiserAppraisal and feedback system should be made by a multi-rate assessment because bus driver position is multifaceted and people see different things. A range of people are asked to assess an individual against company framework. The feedback can be from subjects staff, from their bosses and from colleagues and clients and passengers. This is called 360 appraisal. The intention of it is to give a boarder and more objective assessment of employees competence. This multi-rate feedback is only use when manager has 4-8 people reporting to them. It is important that the employee do not know how any evaluation team member responded ensuring the anonymity c at one timept of 360 system. The exception of this rule is the supervisory programs rating.When this feedback comes from more people, it may lessen bias or prejudice. In the same time, feedback from peers and other may increase employee self-development.In the conclusion of this paragraph, move that HR department has the primary responsibility for supervising and coordinating appraisal program.ConclusionA valuable performance appraisal program makes feedback and study to employees and gives a useful framework to the managers and to the supervisors which asses their staff performance. The conduct appraisal program should be set up once and reviewed whenever the manager and the employee meet for the regular performance report or periodically annual or once every six months. Preferable, managers and supervisors should consecutively estimate and direct employees so that perf ormance imperfections do not go unexamined for a long period of time only to be discerned and debated at the functioning appraisal survey. In summary, the performance appraisal for a bus driver position its important for the evaluation of this position skills but also for the safety of passengers intheir work and personal environment and their daily activities. Thats why a right and concrete performance and appraisal method should be applied in a schedule planed time in all the transportation company.BibliographyBelcourt, Monica, Singh Parbudyal, Bohlander George, beau Scott. Managing Human Resources. Toronto, Ontario Nelson Education, 2014.Service Canada, http//www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/qc/job_futures/statistics/7412.shtmlSage Publication, http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/45674_8.pdfTransportation Research Board, www.30hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2006/ visibleness